1812

1812

**Embargo:*

**Embargo:*

1. An embargo means stopping or blocking trade with other countries.

2. The embargo in 1807 stopped the US from trading with Britain and France, leading to economic problems and anger among Americans.

Impressment:

1. Impressment is when sailors are forced to join a navy.

2. British impressment of American sailors caused tensions and was one reason for the War of 1812.

Naval Blockade

1. A naval blockade is when ships stop other ships from going in or out of a port.

2. The British naval blockade during the War of 1812 hurt American trade and made it hard for the US to fight back.

Militia:

1. A militia is a group of ordinary people trained as soldiers.

2. Militias were important for both sides in the War of 1812, helping to defend their land.

Tecumseh:

• Prominent Native American leader of Shawnee tribe in early 19th century.

• Played a significant role in resisting U.S. expansion into Native American territories.

• Focused efforts particularly in the Midwest region of North America.

General Sir Isaac Brock:

• British army officer crucial in defense of Upper Canada during War of 1812.

• Played pivotal role in British efforts against United States.

• Defended Ontario from American invasion.

Governor Prevost:

• Governor General of Canadas during War of 1812.

• Served as military officer.

• Oversaw defense of Upper and Lower Canada (Ontario and Quebec).

General Hull:

• Veteran of American Revolutionary War.

• Served with distinction as captain in Continental Army.

• Involved in War of 1812.

Laura Secord:

• Warned about American invasion.

• Contributed to defense efforts.

• Aided in alerting others and assisting in defense.

Richard Pierpoint and the ‘Coloured Corps’:

• Black loyalists enslaved in West Africa, later North America.

• Fought for the British in the American Revolutionary War.

• Led 'Coloured Corps' in the War of 1812.

War Hawks’:

• Group of influential men advocating for war against British North American colonies.

• Pushed for conflict for various reasons.

Catherine Lundy:

• Assisted wounded soldiers during battle on her property.

• Provided aid and support to injured troops.

• Refused to flee, instead helped soldiers recover.

• Charles de Salaberry:

• Canadian military officer of French Canadian descent.

• Played a significant role in defending Canada during the War of 1812.

• Contributed to successful defense efforts against American forces

Mackinac Island

(July 1812 - Michigan):

• British led by Isaac Brock attack Fort Michilimackinac.

• Brock forces Americans to surrender the fort.

• British victory, fort falls under British control.

Battle of Detroit

 (August 1812 - Siege of Detroit):

• Brock's army, with Tecumseh's men, causes American General Hull to surrender.

• Detroit falls under British control.

• British victory weakens American control in the region.

Queenstown Heights

(October 1812):

• Americans try to take control of Upper Canada.

• British General Isaac Brock dies defending.

• Indigenous fighters hold off Americans until British reinforcements arrive.

• British victory boosts Upper Canada's morale despite Brock's death.

York

 (April 1813):

• US Navy/Army attacks present-day Toronto.

• More Americans than Canadians killed, Parliament buildings burned.

Beaver Dams

(June 1813):

• Americans led by Boerstler, British by FitzGibbon.

• Indigenous warning by Laura Secord.

• British victory, Americans ambushed by Indigenous warriors.

Lake Erie

(Naval Battle) (September 1813):

• Naval battle for control of Great Lakes.

• Americans led by Commodore Perry.

• American victory secures control of Lake Erie.

Moraviantown (Thames)

 (October 1813):

• British victory under Major-General Henry Procter.

• Tecumseh dies, American forces halted.

Crysler’s Farm:

• Battle in Ontario, British led by Morrison.

• British victory, strategic importance for the war.

Lundy’s Lane (Niagara)

 (July 1814):

• Fierce battle near Niagara falls.

• No clear winner, heavy casualties on both sides.

Washington

(August 1814):

• Successful British amphibious attack led by General Cockburn.

• British victory, burn down Washington buildings, including White House.

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