The Scientific Revolution Part II (2)

Scientific Method

A systematic approach to acquiring knowledge through observation, experimentation, and reasoning.

Observation

Identifying a phenomenon or problem as the first step in the scientific method.

Hypothesis

A proposed testable explanation based on observations in the scientific method.

Experimentation

Testing the hypothesis through controlled experiments.

Data Collection & Analysis

Recording results and drawing conclusions in the scientific method.

Francis Bacon

English philosopher and scientist known as the 'Father of Empiricism' and advocate for the scientific method.

Empiricism

The theory that all knowledge is based on experience derived from the senses.

Inductive Reasoning

Reasoning that involves forming generalizations based on specific observations.

Deductive Reasoning

Reasoning that starts from general principles and applies them to specific cases.

Idols of the Tribe

Errors in perception that are common to all humans, as identified by Francis Bacon.

Idols of the Cave

Personal biases shaped by individual experiences and upbringing.

Idols of the Marketplace

Confusion caused by ambiguous language and miscommunication.

Idols of the Theatre

Blind acceptance of traditional beliefs and ideologies without critical examination.

Newton’s Law of Inertia

An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

F=ma

The formula that defines the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration.

Gravitational Constant (G)

The constant used in the law of universal gravitation, approximately 6.674e-11 m^3 kg^-1 s^-2.

Velocity

The speed of something in a given direction.

Acceleration

The rate of change of velocity per unit of time.

Newton’s Laws of Motion

The three physical laws that form the foundation for classical mechanics.

Hypothesis of Free Fall

Galileo's idea that a falling body accelerates uniformly.

Coriolis Effect

The apparent deflection of moving objects due to Earth's rotation.

Pendulum Studies

Galileo's work demonstrating pendulum motion independent of amplitude.

Telescope Development

Improvements made to the telescope, allowing for detailed astronomical observations.

Galileo’s Moons

The discovery of four large moons of Jupiter, providing evidence against the geocentric model.

Phases of Venus

Galileo's observation that Venus goes through phases like the Moon, supporting heliocentrism.

Royal Society

An institution founded to promote and support scientific research and inquiry.

Newton’s Laws of Universal Gravitation

Laws stating that every mass attracts every other mass with a force proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

F=Gm1m2/r², where F is the gravitational force, G is the gravitational constant, m1 and m2 are the masses, and r is the distance between their centers.

Lunar Motion

Newton's analysis comparing the force of gravity acting on falling objects and its effect on the Moon's orbit.

Inertial Frame of Reference

A frame where Newton's first law of motion holds; all objects remain at rest or in uniform motion.

Non-Inertial Frame of Reference

A frame that is accelerating or rotating, where fictitious forces are introduced.

Action-Reaction Principle

Newton’s third law stating that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Absolute Space

The concept of space that exists independently of matter and is fixed and immovable.

Absolute Time

A concept of time that flows uniformly and is independent of any observer or external event.

Bacon’s Scientific Inquiry

The emphasis on evidence-based conclusions through observation and experimentation.

Astrological Influence on Motion

Aristotle classified motion into natural and unnatural, with different implications for objects.

Galileo's Approach to Motion

Challenged Aristotle’s views and emphasized experimental evidence to investigate motion.