Midterm Exam and Political Participation

Flashcards covering key terms and concepts related to the midterm exam and political participation as discussed in class.

Midterm Exam

A scheduled assessment covering key concepts discussed in class, including multiple choice and short answer questions.

Blue Book

A booklet used for writing out short answers in exams.

Scantron

A machine-readable sheet used for multiple choice answers, requiring a specific color for proper grading.

Affirmative Action

Policies aimed at increasing the representation of historically marginalized groups in various fields, requiring sufficient discussion to be adequately addressed in short answer responses.

New Federalism

A shift in the balance of power towards the states during the 1990s to early 2000s, characterized by reduced federal control.

Categorical Grants

Federal funds provided to states for specific purposes, often with strict spending conditions attached.

Block Grants

Federal funds given to states with general spending guidelines, allowing states flexibility in how they allocate the money.

Unfunded Mandates

Federal requirements imposed on states without providing federal funds to cover the costs.

Earmarks

Funds allocated by Congress for specific projects within a state or congressional district.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Legislation aimed at eliminating barriers to voting for African Americans and other racial minorities.

Conventional Political Participation

Engagement with the political system through established means, such as voting and campaigning.

Unconventional Political Participation

Actions outside of traditional political processes, such as protests and civil disobedience.

Preclearance

Requirement for certain states to obtain federal approval before changing voting laws, aimed at preventing discrimination.

Poll Taxes

Fees required for voting that effectively disenfranchised poor voters, especially African Americans.

Literacy Tests

Assessment used to restrict voting rights by requiring voters to demonstrate reading and writing skills.

White Primaries

Primary elections in the Southern states where only white voters were allowed to participate, effectively excluding African Americans.

Civil Rights Movement

A movement aimed at ending racial discrimination and securing voting rights for African Americans, leading to significant legislative changes.

Federal Budget

The government's plan for spending and revenue that includes allocations to states for various programs.