AP U.S. History Unit One

vocab only

hunters and gatherers

people who get food by hunting and gathering. They are nomadic. See Cheyenne

semi- sedimentary

people who like farm in the spring and then move around the rest of the year. They engage in seasonal agriculture and foraging, adapting their lifestyle to different environments. see northwest fishers, chinook

Mississippian culture

A mound-building Native American culture that thrived in the southeastern United States from around 800 to 1600 CE, known for its large, complex societies and agricultural practices. See Shawnee

Eastern woodlands

Native American cultures living in the eastern forests of North America, characterized by their agriculture, hunting, and gathering practices. Semi- Sedentary, see Iroquois.

Algonquian cultures

A group of Native American tribes that spoke the Algonquian language family and lived in various regions of North America, known for their trade networks, agricultural practices, and hunting skills. See Powhatan.

Iroquoian culture

A group of Native American tribes in the northeastern United States, known for their sophisticated political systems, longhouses, and agriculture, particularly corn, beans, and squash. They played a significant role in the formation of the Iroquois Confederacy.

Iroquoian Confederacy

A union of several Iroquoian tribes in the northeastern United States, established for mutual defense and political cooperation. It significantly influenced the development of democratic principles in government. It was formed in the late 16th century and included tribes such as the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and later the Tuscarora. See Mohawk tribe.

Great Lakes

A group of five large freshwater lakes located in North America, comprising Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario. They serve as a vital resource for trade, transportation, and natural ecosystems.

Great Plains

A vast region of flat land in North America, characterized by grasslands and few trees. It extends from Canada down through the central United States and is known for agriculture, ranching, and Native American cultures. see Dakota tribe

Great Basin

A large, arid region in the western United States that encompasses areas of Nevada, Utah, and parts of California, Oregon, and Idaho. It is characterized by high mountains, desert landscapes, and few rivers, serving as a significant ecological and cultural area for Indigenous peoples. see bannocks

peasants

term for farm workers in Europe

Republic

State without a monarch that is governed by the people.

Hiawatha

The guy who made the Iroquoian Confederacy. He was a Mohawk. In 1720

Hernan Cortez

The guy who in 1519 sailed north to this place called Veracruz and conquered the Aztecs. Moctezuma received him, and then Cortez ok him captive and had a siege. By 1521 the aztec empire had fallen.

Moctezuma

the leader of the Aztec empire when it was conquered

Pedro Alvarez Cabral

the guy who sailed to the Amelia’s and found an made Vera Cruz. He’s Portuguese. Then he made his way to India.

Chattel Slavery

A system of slavery where enslaved people are treated as personal property (chattel) rather than as human beings. They can be bought, sold, traded, or inherited, and their offspring are also automatically considered property. There is no expectation of eventual freedom, and their status as property is legally enforced for life.

Neo Europe's

Regions outside of Europe, such as North and South America, Australia, and New Zealand, where European colonists established societies with dominant European cultures, institutions, and demographic majorities, often at the expense of indigenous populations.

Encomienda

A labor system implemented by the Spanish Crown during the colonization of the Americas, granting Spanish conquistadors, settlers, or institutions the right to demand tribute and forced labor from indigenous populations in a specific area. In exchange, the encomendero was theoretically responsible for the welfare and Christianization of the indigenous people, though in practice, it often led to severe exploitation.

Casta system

A hierarchical social and racial classification system created by Spanish colonizers in Spanish America and the Philippines. It categorized people based on their perceived racial purity and origin, with those. Basically, the more white you are, the higher you are on the scale

Columbian Echange

bug exchange of living tings such as animal plants people and diseas

Mercantilism

An economic theory and practice, dominant in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century, that promoted governmental regulation of a nation's economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers. It involved the belief that a nation's wealth could be measured by its supply of bullion (gold and silver), and that a positive balance of trade (exporting more than importing) was essential to accumulating this wealth.

Joint stock corporation

A business entity in which shares of the company's stock can be bought and sold by shareholders. Each shareholder owns a portion of the company in proportion to their number of shares. This structure allows for large amounts of capital to be raised from multiple investors, with each investor having limited liability, meaning their personal assets are protected from the company's debts.

House of Burgesses

The first legislative assembly in the American colonies. It was established in 1619 in the Virginia Colony in Jamestown. It was an early form of representative government, allowing colonists to have a say in their local governance, and played a significant role in the development of democratic principles in America

Royal colony

A type of colony in which the government was under the direct control of the English (and later British) Crown. The monarch appointed a royal governor and a council, who were responsible for administering the colony. While these colonies often had a representative assembly elected by the colonists, the governor held significant power, including the ability to veto laws

Freeholds

a form of land tenure where the owner holds the land for an indefinite period, typically in perpetuity. It grants the fullest possible ownership rights, including the right to use, occupy, and dispose of the property, subject only to governmental powers like taxation and eminent domain. Unlike a leasehold, which has a fixed term, a freehold represents permanent ownership and is often referred to as 'fee simple absolute'.

Headright system

a land grant program developed in the 17th century, primarily used in the British colonies of North America, especially Virginia and Maryland. Its purpose was to attract settlers to the colonies and address the labor shortage required for growing cash crops like tobacco. Under this system, colonists who paid for their own passage to the New World, or for the passage of another person (such as indentured servants), were granted 50 acres of land for each person they brought. This incentivized immigration, allowed for the rapid expansion of settlements, and contributed to the growth of large

indentured servants

labor system popular in the British American colonies from the 17th to the 18th centuries. It involved individuals, typically from Europe, signing a contract (an indenture) to work for a specific number of years, often four to seven, in exchange for passage to the New World, food, lodging, and other necessities. Upon completion of their term, they would usually receive \"freedom dues,\" which could include land, tools, or clothing, allowing them to start their own lives as free colonists. This system allowed many poor Europeans to immigrate to the Americas, while providing a crucial labor force for colonial development, particularly in agriculture. Indentured servitude differed from chattel slavery in that it was a temporary, contractual arrangement, with the expectation of eventual freedom, unlike the permanent and hereditary status of enslaved Africans.

Pilgrims

a group of English Separatists who sought religious freedom from the Church of England. They embarked on a voyage to the New World aboard the Mayflower in 1620, aiming to establish a new society where they could practice their faith without persecution. They founded Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts, becoming one of the earliest successful European settlements in North America. Their journey and the establishment of Plymouth are significant events in American history, often associated with the first Thanksgiving and the Mayflower Compact.

Puritans

group of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to purify the Church of England from what they considered to be its 'Catholic' practices, rituals, and organizational structure. Unlike the Pilgrims (who were Separatists), Puritans aimed to reform the Church from within. Facing persecution in England, many migrated to North America, particularly to the Massachusetts Bay Colony beginning in the 1630s, to establish a society based on their

Toleration

refers to the practice of permitting or respecting the existence of opinions or behavior that one does not necessarily agree with. In the colonial period, \"religious toleration\" meant allowing different religious groups to practice their faith without persecution, often within certain limits. Notable examples include the Maryland Toleration Act of 1649, which granted religious freedom to Trinitarian Christians, and the more extensive religious freedom offered in colonies like Rhode Island by figures such as Roger Williams. This

Covenant of works

theological concept, central to Reformed theology, describing an agreement between God and Adam in the Garden of Eden. According to this covenant, God promised Adam eternal life in return for perfect obedience to His divine law, specifically not eating from the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil. The consequence for disobedience was death (both spiritual and physical). Adam, representing all humanity, failed to uphold this covenant by eating the forbidden fruit, leading to the Fall of Man and a state of sin for his descendants. This covenant highlights God's justice and humanity's original responsibility. It is often contrasted with the Covenant of Grace, which is God's subsequent plan for salvation through faith in Jesus Christ, addressing the inability of fallen humanity to perfectly obey the law of the Covenant of Works. Puritan theology placed significant emphasis on understanding

Covenant of grace

theological concept, central to Reformed theology, that describes God's gracious agreement with humanity, offering salvation and eternal life to those who believe in Jesus Christ. This covenant was established after the Fall of Man (when Adam broke the Covenant of Works) as God's plan to redeem humanity from sin through faith. Unlike the Covenant of Works, which required perfect obedience, the Covenant of Grace is fulfilled through Christ's perfect life, atoning death, and resurrection. God freely offers the benefits of this covenant—forgiveness of sins, justification, sanctification, and eternal life—to all who accept it by faith, often understood as being initiated through baptism and maintained through a life of faith and obedience. It highlights God's mercy and unmerited favor, providing a path to salvation that fallen humanity cannot achieve on its own

Town meeting

A form of direct democratic governance prominently practiced in the New England colonies and still used in some areas today. In a town meeting, all eligible voters of a town assemble to discuss and vote on local legislative issues, budgets, and elect public officials. This system allows for direct participation of citizens in their local government, fostering a strong sense of community and civic engagement. It served as a crucial institution for local self-governance in colonial America, embodying principles of popular sovereignty and communal decision-making. Topics covered typically include local ordinances, taxation, public works projects, and educational funding.

Metacom’s War

also known as King Philip's War, was a brutal and devastating conflict between Native American inhabitants of New England and New England colonists and their Native American allies from 1675 to 1678. Named after Metacom (also known as King Philip), the sachem (leader) of the Wampanoag people, the war was ignited by decades of increasing English encroachment on Native American lands, cultural clashes, and escalating tensions over legal jurisdiction. The conflict involved a confederation of Native American tribes, including the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, and others, fighting against the expanding Puritan settlements. The war resulted in immense casualties on both sides and the destruction of numerous towns and villages. It is considered one of the deadliest wars in American history relative to the population, effectively ending Native American resistance in southern New England and paving the way for further colonial expansion, while also profoundly impacting colonial society and identity.

Pueblo Revolt

also known as Popé's Rebellion, was an uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México (present-day New Mexico) in August 1680. Led by Popé, a Tewa religious leader, the revolt successfully expelled Spanish settlers and soldiers from the province for 12 years. The primary causes included the Spanish colonists' forced labor (encomienda system), suppression of native religious practices, and demands for tribute. The revolt began on August 10, 1680, when coordinated attacks across the region destroyed Spanish missions and settlements. By August 21, the remaining 3,000 Spanish settlers were besieged in Santa Fe and eventually forced to retreat south to El Paso del Norte (modern-day El Paso, Texas). This successful rebellion was a significant event in Native American resistance to European colonization, leading to a period of restored Pueblo self-governance and cultural revitalization. When the Spanish returned in 1692, they faced less organized resistance and were forced to adopt a more accommodating policy towards Pueblo culture and religion, including granting land rights and religious freedoms, to prevent future uprisings.

Bacon’s Rebellion

Rebellion in 1675 1676 where Virginian colonists started a war with native Americans. The governor refused to help and it was lead by Nathanial bacon. They marched on the capital, leading to reforms in Virginia’s goverment.

Philip II

King o Spain in 1156 to 1598. He got rich bc of the America’s and it got to his head and he made some bad descions. He was very Catholic and tried to make the Native American sin America catholic.

Openchancanough

in 1607 he attacked some settlers. He almost succeed. In 1622 he coordinated a surprise attack that killed 347. He was also Powhatan

Lord Baltimore

We like him. He made the Maryland colony with Catholics originally and then in 1632 he got the land. And then in 1649 he made the toleration act for all the new Protestants in his village thingy.

John Winthrop

We hate him. He made Massachusetts in 16 30 and kicked people out of his colony for not being puritan. He has the city upon a hill speech thing and was generally a jerk.

Roger Williams

he got kicked out of Winthrop land and then went to Rhode Island. He wa kicked out bc he liked toleration. Banished in 1636. In 1644 he made RH.

Anne Hutchinson

Poor girl got kicked out too bc she was a gurl who said that salvation couldn’t be earned through good deeds. She’s like Martin Luther in that way. She got kicked out in 1637 and went to Rhode Island.

Metacom

This guy who was really king Phillip and the native Americans didn’t like him bc he was invading their area and so they lashed out and killed some people. I think…… idk if he was the Wampanoag leader or king Phillip.