UNIT 6 BIO

What type of cells do protists have?

Eukaryotic cells with organelles and a nucleus.

Are protists unicellular or multicellular?

Most are unicellular; some are multicellular.

What are the three main types of protist movement?

Flagella, cilia, and pseudopods.

What is a flagella?

A whip-like tail used for movement.

What are cilia?

Tiny hair-like structures used to move protists or move water past cells.

What are pseudopods?

'False feet' used by amoebas to move and engulf food.

What are autotrophic protists?

Protists that make their own food using photosynthesis, like algae.

What are heterotrophic protists?

Protists that eat other organisms for energy.

Name three examples of autotrophic protists.

Euglena, diatoms, and red algae.

What is conjugation in protists?

A form of sexual reproduction where two protists join and exchange genetic material.

What is binary fission?

Asexual reproduction where a protist splits into two identical cells.

What are slime molds?

Protists that behave like fungi, can move in one life stage and form fruiting bodies in another.

What are fungi?

Eukaryotic organisms that are multicellular (except yeasts) and have cell walls made of chitin.

Are fungi autotrophs or heterotrophs?

Heterotrophs; they absorb nutrients from dead or living organisms.

How do fungi digest food?

They release enzymes to break down material outside their bodies and then absorb the nutrients.

What is mycelium?

A network of fungal threads (hyphae) that absorb nutrients.

What are spores in fungi?

Reproductive cells that spread and grow into new fungi.

What is a fruiting body?

The reproductive structure of a fungus, like mushrooms, that produces spores.

What is the role of fungi in ecosystems?

Decomposers that break down dead matter and recycle nutrients.

Name some fungal diseases.

Athlete’s foot, ringworm, yeast infections.

What is a lichen?

A symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria.

What are zygomycetes?

A group of fungi including bread molds.

What is an imperfect fungus?

A fungus with no known sexual stage.

What type of cells do plants have?

Eukaryotic cells with organelles, surrounded by a cell wall.

When did plants evolve?

About 440 million years ago from green algae.

How do plants get energy?

Mostly autotrophs via photosynthesis in chloroplasts.

What are carnivorous plants? Name three examples.

Heterotrophic plants that catch insects for nutrients: Venus flytrap, sundew, pitcher plant.

What are the four growth factors for plants?

Sunlight, temperature, gas exchange (O2 and CO2), water & minerals.

What are the four major types of plants in order of evolution?

Seedless nonvascular, seedless vascular, cone-bearing (gymnosperms), flowering plants (angiosperms).

What are seedless nonvascular plants?

First land plants; live in wet areas, reproduce with spores inside capsules. Examples: mosses and liverworts.

Why must seedless nonvascular plants live in wet areas?

They move water only a few centimeters by osmosis and lack vascular tissues.

What are seedless vascular plants?

First plants with vascular tissue, reproduce by spores, formed first forests. Examples: ferns and horsetails.

What are vascular tissues and their functions?

Xylem moves water; phloem moves nutrients.

Name the three specialized organs in vascular plants.

Roots (absorb water and nutrients), stems (support and transport), leaves (photosynthesis).

What are cone-bearing plants?

Gymnosperms with vascular tissues, reproduce with cones producing seeds. Examples: cycads and conifers.

What is special about cone-bearing plants?

Some leaves are needles; first plants to produce seeds with cones.

What is a seed?

A fertilized embryo surrounded by a food supply.

What are flowering plants?

Angiosperms that produce flowers and fruit, have vascular tissue, and survive in most ecosystems.

What are flowers?

Seed-producing structures with male (stamen) and female (carpel) parts.

What is pollination?

A mutualistic process where organisms help transfer pollen to the carpel.

Why are flowering plants the largest group?

Due to pollination and genetic recombination, they have the greatest diversity.

How do plants contribute to ecology?

They are primary producers in food webs, cycle nutrients via photosynthesis and decomposition, and provide fuels, medicines, and products.

What are the characteristics of animals?

Eukaryotes with organelles, multicellular, cells with membranes.

When did animals evolve?

About 540 million years ago from protozoan colonies.

Are animals autotrophs or heterotrophs?

Heterotrophs using mitochondria for respiration.

What is endosymbiosis in animals?

Some animals have autotrophic algae living in their cells producing energy.

What are the three types of body symmetry?

Asymmetry (no specific shape), radial symmetry (same all around), bilateral symmetry (mirror image sides).

What are invertebrates?

Animals without a nerve cord or spine; 95% of all animals.

What are vertebrates?

Animals with a nerve cord or spine, sometimes with gill slits and tail during life.

Why are vertebrates considered advanced?

They have complex organs and structures, including endoskeletons.

What are sponges?

Possibly first animals, made of different cells but no tissues; filter feeders; asymmetrical; have glass-like skeletons called spicules.

What are cnidarians?

Radially symmetrical, first with tissues but no organs, have a nerve net, stinging cells called cnidocytes, and two life stages (polyp and medusa).

What are flatworms?

First with bilateral symmetry, first with a digestive tube, first with a ganglion (nerve cluster); some are parasites like tapeworms.

What are roundworms?

Round for burrowing, have organ systems and ganglia.

What are segmented worms?

First with segmented bodies, first with brains, have bristles called setae.

What are mollusks?

Have ganglia or brains, first with a mantle (body tissue that makes shell), first/only animals with shells.

What are echinoderms?

Radial symmetry, first with an endoskeleton (internal skeleton), have a water vascular system for movement.

What are arthropods?

Segmented bodies with jointed legs and antennae, first with an exoskeleton made of chitin, undergo metamorphosis, largest animal group (60% species), beetles alone are 1/4 of all species.

What roles do invertebrates play in ecosystems?

Detritivores (worms, crustaceans), pollinators (insects), part of food webs, symbiosis, endosymbiosis (algae in sponges), and biosphere monitoring (health indicators).

What are fish?

First vertebrates with cartilage or bone skeletons, oviparous (eggs outside body), ectotherms (body temp changes with environment), some jawless, have scales or thick skin.

What are amphibians?

First land vertebrates with legs, oviparous with thin eggs laid in water, ectotherms, undergo metamorphosis from gilled larvae to lung-breathing adults, moist skin.

What are reptiles?

Oviparous with leathery eggs that resist drying, first vertebrates to lay eggs on land (amniotic egg with nutrient pond), ectotherms, have dry scales.

What is Archaeopteryx?

Fossil showing birds evolved from reptiles; half bird, half reptile.

What are birds?

First with feathers and wings, oviparous with brittle waterproof eggs, hollow bones and air sacs for flight, dry skin, first endotherms (internal heat control).

What are mammals?

First with mammary glands, skin with fur/hair, endotherms, viviparous (live birth with internal nourishment), dry skin.

What are the three mammal groups?

Monotremes (lay eggs), marsupials (pouch), placentals (internal placenta).

What ecological roles do vertebrates play?

Symbiosis, food webs (often apex consumers), habitat impact (overuse, trampling), human impacts on biosphere.