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Minoan Civilization on Crete:
main economic activity:
trade
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MINOAN CIVILIZATION
main city:
Knossos
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MINOAN CIVILIZATION
art, culture, writing, and myths:
-writing cant be deciphered
-decorated with paintings
-very wealthy
-good builders
-King Minos and Daedalus of the maze
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MYCENAEAN CIVILIZATION
main economic activity:
trade
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MYCENAEAN CIVILIZATION
art and culture:
-frescoes, statues, jewelry, had plumbing
-widespread culture
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How did the Minoan & Mycenaean
civilizations provide a foundation for the
Greek city-states?
Their success was based on trade not conquest and they set up outposts throughout Aegean world. They were sea traders.
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polis
A city-state in ancient Greece.
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Who could be citizens in Greek city-states?
only free native-born men who owned land
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who could not be citizens in Greece
slaves and foreigners
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hoplite
a heavily armed foot soldier of ancient Greece.
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How did geography affect Greek politics?
prevented greek people from uniting under one government
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what did spartan society revolve around
military
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Life of a male in Sparta
20-30 they lived at barracks but allowed to marry
30-60: lived at home, still in military
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Life of a female in Sparta
expected to exercise and raise healthy children
- uphold spartan values and had more Freedom than other Greek women
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helot
Spartan slave
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spartan government
oligarchy of 2 kings & council of elders
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What did Athenian society revolve around?
political and intellectual achievements
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how did the Athenian government change over time?
tyrants were popular until they alienated supporters by abusing power
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What is the difference between a direct democracy & a representative democracy and what was athens?
direct: all citizens vote on all laws
representative: an elected person votes
athens was direct
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Why is Pericles considered one of the
greatest rulers of Athens?
reformed government and transferred power to people
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how were women treated in athens?
No political life, thought that they must be guided by men, women had the most significant role in religion, women managed household, and were rarely seen in public
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socrates
Athenian philosopher (ca. 470-399 B.C.E.) who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior.
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plato
(430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection.
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aristotle
emphasis on experiments and empiricism
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what role did religion play in greek culture?
religion and literature are very connected, expressed right and wrong ideas
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What was a comedy? Identify one famous example of a Greek comedy.
plays where a character triumphs hardship, Lysistrata and The Birds
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What was a tragedy? Identify one famous example of a Greek tragedy.
death, war, justice, and relationships between gods and people. Prometheus Bound
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what is the most famous piece of greek architecture
Parthenon
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Greek Olympics
Greek athletic contests held every 4 years to honor the god Zeus
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Why did the Greeks begin establishing colonies around the Mediterranean in the 8th century BCE?
overpopulation was outstripping the food supply
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Cyrus the Great
founder of the Persian Empire
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Cambyses
Son of Cyrus, expanded Persian empire by conquering Egypt
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Darius
Persian king who put satraps in place and built the Royal Road, caravanserai, common currency
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What three areas did the Achaemenid
Empire unite?
Mesopotamia, egypt, and india
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"Eyes and Ears of the King"
inspectors of satraps for the king
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How did the Persian Empire pay for the bureaucracy?
regular tax payments
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The early Persians agreed to tolerate
religious diversity as long as people did
what?
paid their taxes and contributed people to the military. Zoroastrianism became widespread after this
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What rights did women have in the Persian Empire?
Women had more rights, Could work, earn money, and divorce
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Why did Persia start a war with the Greek city-states?
both expanding and clashed over territory
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importance of Marathon
Greeks beat the most powerful nation (Persians).
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Thermopylae
- battle the persians defeat the Greeks; it is where the 300 spartans die
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salamis
480 BC; Naval battle; 2nd Persian War; Greeks win despite great odds
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Which Macedonian leader conquered & united the Greek city-states?
Phillip II
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Seleucid Persian Empire
greek influenced lands in asia. lost to parthians and was taken over by rome
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persian empire under the parthians
kept satrap system of governing
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sassanids
Persian dynasty successed the Parthians as the last pre-Islamic dynasty in Persia. promoted zoroastrianism
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Baghavad Gita
important writing, described doing your duty determined by birth
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Varna
Hindu word for caste, means "color" derived from aryans
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the city of rome owes its rise to what 3 groups of ppl
etruscans, latins, greeks
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alleged first king of rome
romulus
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why did rome change from a monarchy to a republic?
patriacians overthrew monarchy and elected officials
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what was the role of a tribune
new officials elected by plebians
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consul
elected official to lead armies and preside over gov
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Laws of the 12 tables
12 publicly displayed tablets that had listed the rights of the Ancient Roman citizens for all to see
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Cicero
A Roman senator renowned for his oratorical and writing skill.
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how did the romans gain control of the italian peninsula
after city-states were free from Etruscan rule, romans conquered them
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rome offered conquered areas this
citizenship
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where did rome conquer after italy
greece, gaul, carthage and beyond
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punic wars
rome vs carthage, rome won
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who did romans use as slaves
foreigners from war
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What impact did the Spartacus
Rebellion of 73 BCE have on slavery in
Rome?
thousands killed, 6000 crucified
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What two factors led to a decline in
small landholders in Rome?
low cost of slave labor and larger estates taking them
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What rights were women in Rome
denied?
right to vote
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How did strong Roman military leaders
begin to gain control of personal armies
& usurp power of the Republic?
through promises of land
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Describe the situation of the lower
classes during the Roman Empire.
in high demand, climbing up the ranks, could buy their way out of slavery
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Describe the power of the senatorial
class during the Roman Empire.
directed affairs of the empire
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What new class of people were created
during the Roman Empire?
equestrian class- hold positions but not influential
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Epicuriansim
living simply, enjoying the pleasures of life, and not focusing on appealing to the gods
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Stoicism
ppl should learn to accept the will of the gods and remain detached from pleasure and pain
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personal religion of many romans
Lares and Penates, believed to protect the household
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Why did conflict arise between the Romans and the Jews, and later the early Christians, when Rome took over Jerusalem?
romans interested in religion but not willing to give an deity exclusive to worship
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How did Peter help spread the ideas of Jesus
first pope
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How did Paul help spread the ideas of
Jesus?
spread gospel around meditteranean
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How did Emperor Constantine help
advance the Christian faith?
first christian emporer
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Monasteries
Communities of monks
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Martyrdom
willingness to die rather than give up beliefs
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What idea, that the US would later
adopt, was first presented in St.
Augustine of Hippo's book City of God?
separation of church and state
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How did the movement of the Huns
weaken Rome?
to widespread for roman soldiers to handle
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stirrups
metal or leather loops that hang from a saddle and hold a rider's feet
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which half of rome survived after split
east
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time period of the moche
200 bce- 700 ce
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what monumental structures did the moche build
terraced platforms (huaca del sol)
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main crops and animals of the moche
corn and beans and llamas
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moche artisans made
jewelry and metallurgy
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what is the ayllus
small communities based on the idea of communal work
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what connected allyu
they believed they had a shared common mythical ancestor
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Why did the Moche decline?
climate change (probably) 30 years of unusually heavy rain and then drought
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Teotihuacan
large city in mesoamerica with good urban planning
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what was Teotihuacan's temples dedicated to?
sun, moon, Quetzalcoatl
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what connected these temples together
Avenue of the Dead, a long road
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Economy (Teotihuacan)
agriculture, obsidian, leather, pottery, weapons
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slash and burn agriculture
a mayan farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land
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tribute (mayan)
payments from the conquered to the conquerer
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how was rule passed down during Mayan era
king claimed to descended from a god
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What all were the Mayans able to
create through their advanced
knowledge of astronomy?
Caracol, an observatory
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decline of Mayans
wars and climate change, abandoning villages
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Mayan art
carvings, vivid paintings, pottery
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What led Siddhartha Gautama to seek a
different path towards salvation than
Hinduism?
he grew up well pampered, but then became aware that suffering plague humans and wanted to find out why
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In what ways has Jainism influenced
modern ideas?
nonviolence, gandhi
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What is the main idea of Jainism?
each living creature possessed a part of god's soul so you should treat all animals fairly