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Minoan Civilization on Crete:
main economic activity:

trade

MINOAN CIVILIZATION
main city:

Knossos

MINOAN CIVILIZATION
art, culture, writing, and myths:

-writing cant be deciphered
-decorated with paintings
-very wealthy
-good builders
-King Minos and Daedalus of the maze

MYCENAEAN CIVILIZATION
main economic activity:

trade

MYCENAEAN CIVILIZATION
art and culture:

-frescoes, statues, jewelry, had plumbing
-widespread culture

How did the Minoan & Mycenaean
civilizations provide a foundation for the
Greek city-states?

Their success was based on trade not conquest and they set up outposts throughout Aegean world. They were sea traders.

polis

A city-state in ancient Greece.

Who could be citizens in Greek city-states?

only free native-born men who owned land

who could not be citizens in Greece

slaves and foreigners

hoplite

a heavily armed foot soldier of ancient Greece.

How did geography affect Greek politics?

prevented greek people from uniting under one government

what did spartan society revolve around

military

Life of a male in Sparta

20-30 they lived at barracks but allowed to marry
30-60: lived at home, still in military

Life of a female in Sparta

expected to exercise and raise healthy children
- uphold spartan values and had more Freedom than other Greek women

helot

Spartan slave

spartan government

oligarchy of 2 kings & council of elders

What did Athenian society revolve around?

political and intellectual achievements

how did the Athenian government change over time?

tyrants were popular until they alienated supporters by abusing power

What is the difference between a direct democracy & a representative democracy and what was athens?

direct: all citizens vote on all laws
representative: an elected person votes
athens was direct

Why is Pericles considered one of the
greatest rulers of Athens?

reformed government and transferred power to people

how were women treated in athens?

No political life, thought that they must be guided by men, women had the most significant role in religion, women managed household, and were rarely seen in public

socrates

Athenian philosopher (ca. 470-399 B.C.E.) who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior.

plato

(430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection.

aristotle

emphasis on experiments and empiricism

what role did religion play in greek culture?

religion and literature are very connected, expressed right and wrong ideas

What was a comedy? Identify one famous example of a Greek comedy.

plays where a character triumphs hardship, Lysistrata and The Birds

What was a tragedy? Identify one famous example of a Greek tragedy.

death, war, justice, and relationships between gods and people. Prometheus Bound

what is the most famous piece of greek architecture

Parthenon

Greek Olympics

Greek athletic contests held every 4 years to honor the god Zeus

Why did the Greeks begin establishing colonies around the Mediterranean in the 8th century BCE?

overpopulation was outstripping the food supply

Cyrus the Great

founder of the Persian Empire

Cambyses

Son of Cyrus, expanded Persian empire by conquering Egypt

Darius

Persian king who put satraps in place and built the Royal Road, caravanserai, common currency

What three areas did the Achaemenid
Empire unite?

Mesopotamia, egypt, and india

"Eyes and Ears of the King"

inspectors of satraps for the king

How did the Persian Empire pay for the bureaucracy?

regular tax payments

The early Persians agreed to tolerate
religious diversity as long as people did
what?

paid their taxes and contributed people to the military. Zoroastrianism became widespread after this

What rights did women have in the Persian Empire?

Women had more rights, Could work, earn money, and divorce

Why did Persia start a war with the Greek city-states?

both expanding and clashed over territory

importance of Marathon

Greeks beat the most powerful nation (Persians).

Thermopylae

- battle the persians defeat the Greeks; it is where the 300 spartans die

salamis

480 BC; Naval battle; 2nd Persian War; Greeks win despite great odds

Which Macedonian leader conquered & united the Greek city-states?

Phillip II

Seleucid Persian Empire

greek influenced lands in asia. lost to parthians and was taken over by rome

persian empire under the parthians

kept satrap system of governing

sassanids

Persian dynasty successed the Parthians as the last pre-Islamic dynasty in Persia. promoted zoroastrianism

Baghavad Gita

important writing, described doing your duty determined by birth

Varna

Hindu word for caste, means "color" derived from aryans

the city of rome owes its rise to what 3 groups of ppl

etruscans, latins, greeks

alleged first king of rome

romulus

why did rome change from a monarchy to a republic?

patriacians overthrew monarchy and elected officials

what was the role of a tribune

new officials elected by plebians

consul

elected official to lead armies and preside over gov

Laws of the 12 tables

12 publicly displayed tablets that had listed the rights of the Ancient Roman citizens for all to see

Cicero

A Roman senator renowned for his oratorical and writing skill.

how did the romans gain control of the italian peninsula

after city-states were free from Etruscan rule, romans conquered them

rome offered conquered areas this

citizenship

where did rome conquer after italy

greece, gaul, carthage and beyond

punic wars

rome vs carthage, rome won

who did romans use as slaves

foreigners from war

What impact did the Spartacus
Rebellion of 73 BCE have on slavery in
Rome?

thousands killed, 6000 crucified

What two factors led to a decline in
small landholders in Rome?

low cost of slave labor and larger estates taking them

What rights were women in Rome
denied?

right to vote

How did strong Roman military leaders
begin to gain control of personal armies
& usurp power of the Republic?

through promises of land

Describe the situation of the lower
classes during the Roman Empire.

in high demand, climbing up the ranks, could buy their way out of slavery

Describe the power of the senatorial
class during the Roman Empire.

directed affairs of the empire

What new class of people were created
during the Roman Empire?

equestrian class- hold positions but not influential

Epicuriansim

living simply, enjoying the pleasures of life, and not focusing on appealing to the gods

Stoicism

ppl should learn to accept the will of the gods and remain detached from pleasure and pain

personal religion of many romans

Lares and Penates, believed to protect the household

Why did conflict arise between the Romans and the Jews, and later the early Christians, when Rome took over Jerusalem?

romans interested in religion but not willing to give an deity exclusive to worship

How did Peter help spread the ideas of Jesus

first pope

How did Paul help spread the ideas of
Jesus?

spread gospel around meditteranean

How did Emperor Constantine help
advance the Christian faith?

first christian emporer

Monasteries

Communities of monks

Martyrdom

willingness to die rather than give up beliefs

What idea, that the US would later
adopt, was first presented in St.
Augustine of Hippo's book City of God?

separation of church and state

How did the movement of the Huns
weaken Rome?

to widespread for roman soldiers to handle

stirrups

metal or leather loops that hang from a saddle and hold a rider's feet

which half of rome survived after split

east

time period of the moche

200 bce- 700 ce

what monumental structures did the moche build

terraced platforms (huaca del sol)

main crops and animals of the moche

corn and beans and llamas

moche artisans made

jewelry and metallurgy

what is the ayllus

small communities based on the idea of communal work

what connected allyu

they believed they had a shared common mythical ancestor

Why did the Moche decline?

climate change (probably) 30 years of unusually heavy rain and then drought

Teotihuacan

large city in mesoamerica with good urban planning

what was Teotihuacan's temples dedicated to?

sun, moon, Quetzalcoatl

what connected these temples together

Avenue of the Dead, a long road

Economy (Teotihuacan)

agriculture, obsidian, leather, pottery, weapons

slash and burn agriculture

a mayan farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land

tribute (mayan)

payments from the conquered to the conquerer

how was rule passed down during Mayan era

king claimed to descended from a god

What all were the Mayans able to
create through their advanced
knowledge of astronomy?

Caracol, an observatory

decline of Mayans

wars and climate change, abandoning villages

Mayan art

carvings, vivid paintings, pottery

What led Siddhartha Gautama to seek a
different path towards salvation than
Hinduism?

he grew up well pampered, but then became aware that suffering plague humans and wanted to find out why

In what ways has Jainism influenced
modern ideas?

nonviolence, gandhi

What is the main idea of Jainism?

each living creature possessed a part of god's soul so you should treat all animals fairly