SPDI 02

Also known as Hydrologic cycle

Water Cycle

Liquid to Gas

Evaporation

Instrument for Water vapor, in air, in soil or in confined spaces

Hygrometer

Water Vapor to Liquid

Condensation

Any liquid or solid water that falls to earth as a result of condensation in the atmosphere

Precipitation

Evaporation of water from plants occurring at the leaves

Transpiration

The sum of all process by which water moves from the land surface to the atmosphere

Evapotranspiration

Solid to Gas

Sublimation

Gas to Solid

Desublimation or Deposition

Pond, Lakes, Rivers

Natural Surface

A cased hole usually vertical, that is drilled in the earth to access water that is stored in voids called aquifers

Water Well

Underground layer of rocks that are saturated with water that can be brought to the surface through natural springs or by pumping

Aquifer

A well that has a static water level above the adjacent ground surface

Flowing well

Can be constructed with hand tools or power tools

Dug Wells

Simplest and usually the least expensive

Drivel well

Dug with earth augers, usually less than 30m (100ft) deep

Bored Wells

Very deep; Lower risk of contamination

Drilled wells

Water table is lowered in the vicinity of the well

Cone of depression

The decrease in the water level at and in the vicinity of the well

Drawdown

Cause by suspended insoluble matter including coarse particles that settle rapidly in standing water

Turbidity

Unit of measurement for turbidity

NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit) or Jackson Unit

Sewage Water Treatments

1.) Bar Screening

2.) Screening / Grit Removal

3.) Primary Clarifier

4.) Aerator

5.) Secondary Clarifier

6.) Filtration

7.) Disinfection

8.) Oxygen Uptake

Potable Water Treatment

1.) Coagulation

2.) Flocculation

3.) Sedimentation

4.) Filtration

5.) Disinfection

6.) Flouridation

A membrane system similar to reverse osmosis but with a looser membrane that rejects most polyvalent ions while allowing the monovalent ions of sodium and chloride to pass through

Nanofiltration

A membrane system that is even looser and generally is used to separate oil and water

Ultrafiltration

Designed to remove coarse suspended particulates larger than 10 in size

Deep-Bed Sand Filtration

Used to removed residual chlorine, chloramine, disinfectant, dissolved organics such as trihalomethanes

Activated Carbon Filtration

The flow of water through gravity filters is achieved by gravity only

Gravity filters

Water is passed through a porous bed of filter medium; Utilize the effluent either from plain sedimentation or directly from sources

Slow Sand Filter

Water above the filter sand that provides hydraulic head for the process

Supernatant

A hypogeal biological layer; consists of biologically active microorganisms that break down organic matter

Schmutzdecke