osteology and arthology of head and neck

glabella

smooth, slightly depressed area between the superciliary arches (red)

supraorbital margin

angular boundary between squamous (flat) and orbital parts

supraorbital foramen

located in the supraorbital margin (orange)

orbital plate of ethmoid bone

posterior to the lacrimal bone, very thin bone, contributes to medial wall

sphenoid bone

greater wing contribute to lateral wall, lesser wing contribute to superior wall near apex

where does the optic nerve go through?

is through the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone

orbital process of palatine bone

contribute slightly to apex

superior orbital fissue

located between the greater and lesser wings of sphenoid

inferior orbital fissure

between maxilla, zygomatic and greater wing of sphenoid

infraorbital groove

depression on the orbital surface of maxilla

cadaver correlate -> infraorbital

infraorbital nerve on top of probe after locating the infraorbital foramen

what are the four parts of the nasal cavity?

nasal bones, piriform, nasal septum, nasal conchae

cranium

skeleton of head

neurocranium

boney case of head, including cranial meninges (blue)

which bones are singular in the neurocranium?

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoidal, occipital

which bones are paired in the neurocranium?

temporal and parietal

calvaria

dome-like roof of the neurocranium (skullcap)

viscerocranium

anterior part of cranium (red)

what are singular bones of the viscerocranium?

mandible, ethmoid, vomer

what are the paired bones of the viscerocranium?

maxillae, inferior nasal conchae, zygomatic, palatine, nasal, lacrimal

fontanel

unossified area in the infant cranium

what are air sinuses?

pneumatized bones that contain air spaces that increase with age

frontal bone

skeleton of forehead and superior margin of the roof of the orbit (green)

superciliary arches

ridge extending on each side of the labella typically larger in males

zygomatic bones

form prominence of cheeks, lie inferolateral to orbits and rests on maxillae

zygomaticofacial foramen

zygomatic bone on facial side

zygomaticotemporal foramen

on zygomatic bone temporal side

cadaver correlate

supraorbital nerve on top of probe after locating supraorbital foramen or notch

orbit

quadrangular pyramid, base anteriorly, apex posteriorly and 4 walls

lacrimal bone

contribute to medial wall, has fossa for lacrimal sac

frontal bone (frontal view)

contribute to superior wall

zygomatic bone (frontal view)

contribute significantly to lateral wall

maxilla (frontal view)

contribute significantly to inferior wall

suture

fibrous joint between cranial bones

nasal bones

lies over ridge of nose, make up base of the nose

piriform aperture

pear-shaped anterior opening of the nose in cranium

nasal septum

made of perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer

nasal conchae

curvy bony plates on the lateral wall of each nasal cavity

what is the inferior, middle and superior parts of the nasal conchae located?

superior, middle, inferior

what are the two parts of the nasal conchae

inferior (individual bone) and middle + superior (part of ethmoid bone)

what part of the nasal conchae is an individual bone?

inferior aspect

how many inferior nasal conch are there?

2, right left

maxillae (2 right left)

form upper jaw and supporting for maxillary teeth

alveolar processes

tooth sockets (alveoli)

infraorbital foramen

inferior to each each orbit

what exits the infraorbital foramen?

infraorbital nerve

zygomatic process of maxilla

articulates with zygomatic bone

maxillary tuberosity

posterior on maxilla behind last tooth, most prominent after growth of wisdom tooth

mandible

u-shaped that supports the mandibular teeth

body of mandible

horizontal part of mandible

ramus of mandible

vertical part of mandible

angle of mandible

union of body and ramus of mandible

mental protuberance of mandible

forms prominence of chin

mental foramen of mandible

on the outside of body of mandible

what exists the mental foramen?

mental nerve (started off as interior nerve in mandibular foramen)

coronoid process of mandible

anterior to condylar process of mandible

mandibular notch of mandible

between coronoid and condylar process of mandible

condylar process

inserts into mandibular fossa of temporal bone to form the TMJ

alveolar process of mandible

house the lower teeth

interalveolar septa

bony partitions separating tooth sockets

mental spine of mandible

site of attachment for muscles

mandibular foramen

next to and guarded by the lingual

lingula

spinous process protecting the mandibular foramen and the nerve

cadaver correlate

mental nerve on top of probe found after locating the mental foramen

parietal bone

superior and lateral part of neurocranium

temporal bone

lies inferior to parietal bones on both sides

squamous part of temporal bone

anterior and upper part, contributes to temporal fossa

zygomatic process (lateral view)

forms part of zygomatic arch

external auditory meatus of temporal bone

external ear opening

mastoid process of temporal

posteroinferior to external acoustic meatus opening, sternocleidomastoid muscle attachment

styloid process of temporal

anteromedial to mastoid process

articular tubercle of temporal bone

front boundary of mandibular fossa

zygomatic arch

formed by zygomatic process (temporal) and temporal process (zygomatic)

greater wing of sphenoid bone

anterior to temporal bone and inferior to frontal

pterion

weak area of bone junction

temporal fossa

muscle filled space - specifically temporals muscle

infratemporal fossa

medial to ramus of the mandible and the zygomatic arch

what are two parts of the sphenoid bone?

infratemporal crest, lateral pterygoid plate

pterygomaxillary fissure

connects infratemporal fossa and pterygopalatine fossa

pterygopalatine fossa

pyramidal space, medial to pterygomaxillary fissure

sphenopalatine foramen

opening on medial wall to pterygopalatine fossa leading to nasal cavity

inferior orbital fissure

communicates the infratemporal fossa with the orbit

what are the bones and joints (sutures) of the superior view of the cranium?

coronal suture, sagittal suture, lambdoid suture

coronal suture

separates frontal and parietal bones

sagittal suture

separates parietal bones

lambdoid suture

separates parietal and temporal bones from occipital bone

occipital bone

back of head

external occipital protuberance

muscle and ligament attachment

external occipital crest

extends medially from external occipital protuberance to foramen magnum

superior nuchal line

extends laterally from external occipital protuberance, marks the superior limit off neck posteriorly

inferior nuchal line

anterior to superior nuchal line and posterior to posterior rim of foramen magnum

foramen magnum

transition point between brain and spinal cord

occipital condyles

protuberances on each side of foramen magnum, articulates with cranium with vertebral column

condylar fossa

depression posterior to foramen magnum and contains condylar canal

hypoglossal canal

anterior to occipital condyles

basilar part of occipital bone

extends forward from the foramen magnum

pharyngeal tubercle

eminence on basilar part, attachment for pharyngeal

formen lacerum

exist only in the diseased, dry cranium, between occipital, temporal, sphenoid bone

external surface - temporal bone (orange)

anterolateral to occipital and posterolateral to sphenoid (orange)

stylomastoid foramen

posterolateral to styloid process and anteromedially to mastoid process