unit 2 - population & migration

Midlatitudes

The regions on Earth lying between 30 and 60 degrees latitude from both the equator and poles.

Social stratification

A system by which a society ranks people in a hierarchy.

Arable land

Fertile land that can be used for farming.

Redistricting

A process where new district bounds are drawn.

Infrastructure

The basic physical and organizational structures needed for a society to function.

Carrying capacity

The maximum number of individuals that an environment can support.

Cohorts

A group of individuals with a shared characteristic.

Dependent population

Individuals under 15 and over 64 who rely on others for financial support.

Dependency ratio

The ratio between those not working and those working.

Immigrants

Individuals coming into another country.

Emigrants

Individuals coming out of a country.

Demographic momentum

The tendency of a population to grow even after fertility rates decline.

Antinatalist policies

Policies implemented to decrease a country’s birth rate.

Pronatalist policies

Strategies implemented to encourage citizens to have more children.

Push factor

Conditions that compel individuals to migrate.

Pull factor

A positive condition that attracts people to migrate.

Intervening obstacles

Environmental or cultural features that hinder migration.

Asylum

Protection granted to a refugee.

Transhumance

Moving livestock seasonally between highland and lowland areas; nomadic.

Xenophobia

Dislike of people from other countries.

Ecumene

Inhabited land.

Agglomerations

Lots of different things gathered together.

Arithmetic density

Total population divided by total land area.

Physiological density

Total population divided by area of arable land.

Agricultural density

Number of farmers divided by area of arable land.

Natural hazards

Natural events that could threaten the population but do not kill anyone.

Greying population

A country that relies on an elderly population; more old than young.

Cultural/ethnic enclave

An area where a particular ethnic group is clustered.

Remittances

Funds sent from migrants to their home country.

Refugees

Legally recognized individuals who fled their country for various reasons.

International

Pertaining to interactions between different countries.

Interregional

Pertaining to interactions between different regions within a country.

Intraregional

Pertaining to interactions within a region of a country.

Guest workers

Individuals allowed to live in a country temporarily for work.

Crude birth rate (CBR)

The number of live births per 1000 people.

Crude death rate (CDR)

The number of deaths per 1000 people.

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

The number of deaths of babies under 1 year per 1000 births.

Total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of children born to each woman.

Replacement fertility

The amount of fertility needed to keep the population stable.

Doubling time

The amount of time it takes for a population to double.

Natural increase rate (NIR/RNI)

The percentage of growth or decline, excluding immigration and emigration.

Net migration

Refers to whether more people are migrating in or out.

Step migration

When an individual migrates through stages.

Counter migration

Migration in the opposite direction.

Return migration

Migration back to the place of origin.

Forced migration

When people leave their homes due to factors outside their control.

Voluntary migration

When people choose to migrate.

Chain migration

Moving due to family and nationality, creating a "chain reaction."

Net-in migration

More people coming in (immigrating) per 1000 people.

Net-out migration

More people going out (emigrating) per 1000 people.

Population pyramids

Graphical representations of the age and sex distribution of a population.

Demographic transition model (DTM)

A model showing population change as a country develops.

Epidemiological transition model (ETM)

A model showing health and disease patterns as a country develops.

Malthusian model

The theory that too many people on Earth lead to insufficient resources, potentially causing war.

Lee’s migration model

Explains migration patterns based on push/pull factors and intervening obstacles.

Ravenstein’s laws of migration

explains common trends and patterns of migration

Zelinsky’s migration

A model showing changes in migration patterns as countries develop.