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Midlatitudes
The regions on Earth lying between 30 and 60 degrees latitude from both the equator and poles.
Social stratification
A system by which a society ranks people in a hierarchy.
Arable land
Fertile land that can be used for farming.
Redistricting
A process where new district bounds are drawn.
Infrastructure
The basic physical and organizational structures needed for a society to function.
Carrying capacity
The maximum number of individuals that an environment can support.
Cohorts
A group of individuals with a shared characteristic.
Dependent population
Individuals under 15 and over 64 who rely on others for financial support.
Dependency ratio
The ratio between those not working and those working.
Immigrants
Individuals coming into another country.
Emigrants
Individuals coming out of a country.
Demographic momentum
The tendency of a population to grow even after fertility rates decline.
Antinatalist policies
Policies implemented to decrease a country’s birth rate.
Pronatalist policies
Strategies implemented to encourage citizens to have more children.
Push factor
Conditions that compel individuals to migrate.
Pull factor
A positive condition that attracts people to migrate.
Intervening obstacles
Environmental or cultural features that hinder migration.
Asylum
Protection granted to a refugee.
Transhumance
Moving livestock seasonally between highland and lowland areas; nomadic.
Xenophobia
Dislike of people from other countries.
Ecumene
Inhabited land.
Agglomerations
Lots of different things gathered together.
Arithmetic density
Total population divided by total land area.
Physiological density
Total population divided by area of arable land.
Agricultural density
Number of farmers divided by area of arable land.
Natural hazards
Natural events that could threaten the population but do not kill anyone.
Greying population
A country that relies on an elderly population; more old than young.
Cultural/ethnic enclave
An area where a particular ethnic group is clustered.
Remittances
Funds sent from migrants to their home country.
Refugees
Legally recognized individuals who fled their country for various reasons.
International
Pertaining to interactions between different countries.
Interregional
Pertaining to interactions between different regions within a country.
Intraregional
Pertaining to interactions within a region of a country.
Guest workers
Individuals allowed to live in a country temporarily for work.
Crude birth rate (CBR)
The number of live births per 1000 people.
Crude death rate (CDR)
The number of deaths per 1000 people.
Infant mortality rate (IMR)
The number of deaths of babies under 1 year per 1000 births.
Total fertility rate (TFR)
The average number of children born to each woman.
Replacement fertility
The amount of fertility needed to keep the population stable.
Doubling time
The amount of time it takes for a population to double.
Natural increase rate (NIR/RNI)
The percentage of growth or decline, excluding immigration and emigration.
Net migration
Refers to whether more people are migrating in or out.
Step migration
When an individual migrates through stages.
Counter migration
Migration in the opposite direction.
Return migration
Migration back to the place of origin.
Forced migration
When people leave their homes due to factors outside their control.
Voluntary migration
When people choose to migrate.
Chain migration
Moving due to family and nationality, creating a "chain reaction."
Net-in migration
More people coming in (immigrating) per 1000 people.
Net-out migration
More people going out (emigrating) per 1000 people.
Population pyramids
Graphical representations of the age and sex distribution of a population.
Demographic transition model (DTM)
A model showing population change as a country develops.
Epidemiological transition model (ETM)
A model showing health and disease patterns as a country develops.
Malthusian model
The theory that too many people on Earth lead to insufficient resources, potentially causing war.
Lee’s migration model
Explains migration patterns based on push/pull factors and intervening obstacles.
Ravenstein’s laws of migration
explains common trends and patterns of migration
Zelinsky’s migration
A model showing changes in migration patterns as countries develop.
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