human anatomy review

Because they are embedded within the membrane, ion channels are examples of .

integral proteins

The diffusion of substances within a solution tends to move those substances _____ their ______gradient.

down; concentration

Ion pumps and phagocytosis are both examples of .

active transport

Choose the answer that best completes the following analogy: Diffusion is to ____ as endocytosis is to _____.

solutes; fluid

Choose the term that best completes the following analogy: Cytoplasm is to cytosol as a swimming pool containing chlorine and flotation toys is to ____.

the water

The rough ER has its name due to what associated structures?

ribosomes

Which of the following is a function of the rough ER?

production of proteins

Which of the following is a feature common to all three components of the cytoskeleton?

They are all polymers of protein subunits.

Which of the following organelles produces large quantities of ATP when both glucose and oxygen are available to the cell?

mitochondria

The nucleus and mitochondria share which of the following features?

protein-lined membrane pores

Which of the following structures could be found within the nucleolus?

ribosomes

Which of the following sequences on a DNA molecule would be complementary to GCTTATAT?

CGAATATA

Place the following structures in order from least to most complex organization: chromatin, nucleosome, DNA, chromosome

DNA, nucleosome, chromatin, chromosome

Which of the following is part of the elongation step of DNA synthesis?

attaching complementary nucleotides to the template strand

Which of the following is not a difference between DNA and RNA?

DNA contains alternating sugar-phosphate molecules whereas RNA does not contain sugars

Transcription and translation take place in the and , respectively.

nucleus; cytoplasm

How many "letters" of an RNA molecule, in sequence, does it take to provide the code for a single amino acid?

3

Which of the following is not made out of RNA?

the intron

Which of the following phases is characterized by preparation for DNA synthesis?

G1

A mutation in the gene for a cyclin protein might result in which of the following?

any of the above

What is a primary function of tumor suppressor genes?

stop certain cells from dividing

Arrange the following terms in order of increasing specialization: oligopotency, pleuripotency, unipotency, multipotency.

pleuripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, unipotency

Which type of stem cell gives rise to red and white blood cells?

hematopoietic

What multipotent stem cells from children sometimes banked by parents?

cells from the umbilical cord and from baby teeth

Which of the following is not a type of tissue?

embryonic

The process by which a less specialized cell matures into a more specialized cell is called .

differentiation

Differentiated cells in a developing embryo derive from .

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Which of the following lines the body cavities exposed to the external environment?

mucosa

In observing epithelial cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the basal side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue?

columnar

Which of the following is the epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels?

simple squamous

Which type of epithelial tissue specializes in moving particles across its surface?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

The____ gland stores its secretion until the glandular cell ruptures, whereas the ____gland releases its apical region and reforms.

holocrine; apocrine

Connective tissue is made of which three essential components?

cells, ground substance, and protein fibers

Under the microscope, a tissue specimen shows cells located in spaces scattered in a transparent background. This is probably .

loose connective tissue

Which connective tissue specializes in storage of fat?

adipose tissue

Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain?

dense regular connective tissue

In adults, new connective tissue cells originate from the .

mesenchyme

In bone, the main cells are .

osteocytes

Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in .

skeletal muscle only

The cells of muscles, myocytes, develop from .

myoblasts

Skeletal muscle is composed of very hard working cells. Which organelles do you expect to find in abundance in skeletal muscle cell?

mitochondria

The cells responsible for the transmission of the nerve impulse are .

neurons

The nerve impulse travels down a(n) , away from the cell body.

axon

Which of the following central nervous system cells regulate ions, regulate the uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters, and contribute to the formation of the blood-brain barrier?

astrocytes

Which of the following processes is not a cardinal sign of inflammation?

fever

When a mast cell reacts to an irritation, which of the following chemicals does it release?

histamine

Atrophy refers to .

loss of mass

Individuals can slow the rate of aging by modifying all of these lifestyle aspects except for .

genetic factors

The papillary layer of the dermis is most closely associated with which layer of the epidermis?

stratum basale

Langerhans cells are commonly found in the .

stratum spinosum

The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis are composed mainly of .

connective tissue

Collagen lends ____ to the skin.

structure

Which of the following is not a function of the hypodermis?

source of blood vessels in the epidermis

In response to stimuli from the sympathetic nervous system, the arrector pili .

are responsible for goose bumps

The hair matrix contains .

a layer of basal cells

Eccrine sweat glands .

are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat

Sebaceous glands .

are associated with hair follicles

Similar to the hair, nails grow continuously throughout our lives. Which of the following is furthest from the nail growth center?

hyponychium

In humans, exposure of the skin to sunlight is required for .

vitamin D synthesis

One of the functions of the integumentary system is protection. Which of the following does not directly contribute to that function?

folic acid synthesis

An individual using a sharp knife notices a small amount of blood where he just cut himself. Which of the following layers of skin did he have to cut into in order to bleed?

papillary dermis

Which layer of your epidermis keeps you from drying out?

stratum corneum

If bacteria enter a wound, which of the following cells would help get rid of the bacteria?

Langerhans cells

In general, skin cancers .

can be reduced by limiting exposure to the sun

Bedsores _____.

are preventable by eliminating pressure points

An individual has spent too much time sunbathing and has painful skin with small blisters (sunburn). Which layers are damaged?

epidermis and dermis

After a skin injury, the body first clots to stop bleeding. Which step occurs next in deep wound healing?

migratory phase—increased production of connective tissue (granulation tissue)

Squamous cell carcinomas—second most common skin cancer, capable of metastasis—affect which cells?

keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

Which function of the skeletal system would be especially important if you were in a car accident?

protection of internal organs

Bone tissue can be described as .

dense, hard connective tissue

Without red marrow, bones would not be able to .

make blood cells

Yellow marrow has been identified as .

an area of fat storage

Which of the following can be found in areas of movement?

cartilage

The skeletal system is made of .

bones and cartilage

Most arm and hand bones are long bones; the wrist bones are categorized as .

short bones

Sesamoid bones are found embedded in .

tendons

Bones that surround the spinal cord are classified as _____ bones.

irregular

Which category of bone is among the most numerous in the skeleton?

long bone

Long bones enable body movement by acting as a .

lever

Which of the following occurs in the spongy bone of the epiphysis?

hematopoiesis

The diaphysis contains .

compact bone

The fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of the bone is the .

periosteum

Which of the following are incapable of undergoing mitosis?

osteocytes and osteoclasts

Which cells do not originate from osteogenic cells?

osteoclasts

Which of the following are found in both compact and cancellous bone?

lacunae

Which of the following are only found in cancellous bone?

trabeculae

The area of a bone where the nutrient foramen passes forms what kind of bone marking?

a hole

Why is cartilage slow to heal?

because it does not have a blood supply

Why are osteocytes spread out in bone tissue?

They are surrounded by osteoid.

In endochondral ossification, what happens to the chondrocytes?

They die in the calcified matrix that surrounds them and form the medullary cavity.

Which of the following bones is formed by intramembranous ossification?

the flat bones of the cranium

Bones grow in length due to activity in the .

epiphyseal plate

Bones grow in diameter due to bone formation ______ .

beneath the periosteum

Which represents the correct sequence of zones in the epiphyseal plate?

reserve, proliferation, maturation (hypertrophy), calcification

A fracture can be both .

open and closed

How can a fractured diaphysis release fat globules into the bloodstream?

The yellow marrow in the diaphysis is exposed and damaged.

In a compound fracture, .

broken bone pierces the skin

The internal and external calli are replaced by .

trabecular bone

The first type of bone to form during fracture repair is bone.

spongy

Wolff's law predicts that .

a right-handed pitcher will have thicker bones in his right arm compared to his left.