BIO FINAL EXAM

Epithelial tissue

covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body contains cells that are closely joined

name the five epithelial tissue

stratified squamous epithelium
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
simple squamous epithelium
simple columnar epithelium
cuboidal epithelium

what is the shape of cuboidal epithelium?

dice like

what is the shape of simple COLUMNAR epithelium?

like bricks on end

what is the shape of simple SQUAMOUS epithelium?

like floor tiles

what is the arrangement of SIMPLE epithelial cells?

single cell layer

what is the arrangement of STRATIFIED

multiple tiers of cells

endocrine system

transmit chemical signals called HORMONES to receptive cells throughout the body via blood. the signal travels everywhere. hormones can slowly affect one or more regions throughout the body

Nervous System

transmits information between specific locations fast. information depends on signals pathway. can be received by neurons, muscle cells, endocrine cells and exocrine cells

regulator

uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external environmental fluctuation

conformer

allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes

what are the four physical processes that organism exchange heat

radiation
evaporation
convection
conduction

countercurrent exchange

transfer heat between fluids flowing in the opposite direction and reduce heat loss

name the four steps in food processing

ingestion
digestion
absorption
elimination

ingestion

the act of eating

digestion

the process of breaking down food into molecules small enough to absorb

absorption

uptake of nutrients by body cells

elimination

the passage of undigested material out of the digestive system

chemical digestion

spilts food into small molecules;es that can pass through membranes

mechanical digestion

physically breaking down food (chewing)

suspension feeders/filter feeders

sifts small food particles from the water

substrate feeder

animals that live in or on their food source

fluid feeders

suck nutrient rich fluid from a living host

bulk feeders

eat relatively large pieces of food

mammalian digestive system

consists of an alimentary canal and accessory glands that secrete digestive juices through ducts

mammalian accessory glands

the salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

food is pushed along by the

peristalsis

rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal valves called

sphincters

the tongue shapes food into a ___ which provides help with swallowing

bolus

throat/pharynx

the junction that opens to both esophagus and the trachea. directs air to the lungs and food to the stomach

esophagus

connects to the stomach. conducts food from the pharynx down to the stomach by peristalsis

trachea/windpipe

leads to the lungs. swallowing tips in the epiglottis over the glottis in the pharynx to prevent food from entering here

hepatic portal vein

carries nutrient rich blood from the capillaries of the villi to the liver then to the heart

open circulatory system

no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid, and this general body fluid is called HEMOLYMPH

Closed circulatory system

blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid. more efficient at transporting circulatory fluids to tissues and cells

single circulation

blood leaving the heart passes through two capillary beds before returning

double circulation

blood are passed through the heart twice per circuit. oxygen poor and oxygen rich blood are pumped separately from the right and left sides of the heart

pulmonary circuit

to pick up oxygen through the lungs

pulmocutaneous circuit

to pick up oxygen through the lungs and skin

systemic circuit

double circulation maintains higher blood pressure in the organs than does single circulation

blood returns to the heart through the

the superior vena cava (blood from head, neck, and forelimbs) and inferior vena cava ( blood from trunk and hind limbs)

where does the vena cava and inferior vena cava flow?

right atrium

atrioventricular valves

separate each atrium and ventricle

semilunar valves

control blood flow to the aorta and the pulmonary artery

precapillary sphincters

control flow of blood between arterioles and venules

where does the exchange of substance between the blood and interstitial fluid takes place?

across the thin endothelial walls of the capillaries

low density lipoprotein

delivers cholesterol to cells for membrane production

high density lipoprotein

scavenges cholesterol for return to the liver

heart attack

the death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries

stroke

the death of nervous tissue in the brain, usually resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head

tracheal system

insects consists of tiny branching tubes that penetrate the body

countercurrent exchange system

where blood flows in the opposite direction to water passing over the gills

what is a system of branching ducts

conveys air to the lungs air inhaled through the nostrils is warmed , humidified, and sampled for odors

air passes through where? (gas exchange occurs here)

pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

mucus escalator

cleans the respiratory system and allows particles to be swallowed into the esophagus

innate immunity

a defense active immediately upon infection. recognition of traits shared by broad ranges of pathogens, using a small set of receptors. rapid response

adaptive immunity

recognition of traits specific to particular pathogens using a vast array of receptors. slow response

lysozyme

an enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls

phagocytosis

the digestion and digestion of foreign substance including bacteria

what does barrier defenses includes

skin
mucous
membranes of the respiratory
urinary
reproductive tracts

what traps and allows for the removal of microbes

mucus

natural killer cells

release chemical leading to cell death, inhibiting the spread of virally infected or cancerous cells

what does peptides and proteins function in?

in innate defense by attacking pathogens or impeding their reproduction

interferon

proteins provide innate defense, interfering with viruses and helping activate macrophages

antigens

substances that can elicit a response from a B or T cell

epitope

the small accessible part of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor

clonal selection

body produces B and T cells to respond to infections

effector cells

acts immediately against the antigen and long lived memory cells

memory cells

give rise to effector cells if the same antigen is encountered again

neutralization

antibodies bind to viral surface proteins preventing infection of a host cell

opsonization

antibodies bind to antigens on bacteria creating a target for macrophages or neutrophils triggering phagocytosis

allergens

allergies are exaggerated (hypersensitive) responses to antigens

hyperosmotic side

higher solute concentration. lower free H20 concentration

hypoosmotic side

lower solute concentration. higher free H2O concentration

osmoregulation in a marine fish

gain of water and salt ions from food and drinking water
excretion of salt ions from gills and urine
osmotic water loss through gills and other parts of body surface

osmoregulation in a freshwater fish

gain of water and some food ions
uptake salt ions by gills
excretion of salt ions and large amounts of water in urine
osmotic water gain trough gills and other parts of body surface

penguins, seals, and tuna have body forma that permit rapid swimming because

the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution to the need to reduce drag while swimming

name and describe the characteristic of three of the six major types of connective tissue

bone - mineralized and makes up skeleton
cartilage - strong and flexible support
adipose - insulation and fat storage

to increase the effectiveness of exchange surface lining the lungs and the intestines evolutionary pressure have

increased the exchange surface area with folds and branches

describe three major differences between endocrine and nervous system

endocrine - digestive metabolism, hormone and chemical messengers that target through the blood stream,

nervous system- electrical impulses to send messages through neurons, response and detect stimuli, includes brain and spinal cord

compare and contrast hibernation and estivation

hibernation - long term torpor, surviving winter cold and scarcity of food

estivation - adaption of torpor in heat to survive extreme temperature and scarcity of water called summer torpor

if an animal is malnourished describes at least three ways in which its body would internally scavenge nutrients

the body use nutrients from fat
the body will break down muscle for nutrients
the body will use nutrients from carbonhydrates

which feeding category contains animals with dentition exclusively for grinding

herbivores

certain nutrients are considered essential in the diets of some animals because

these animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients

list describe the four classes of feeders

bulk- eat large animals
substrate- live in or on host and feeds
filter feeder- sifts food through water
fluid feeder- suck fluid from other

the stomach, pancreas, liver gall bladder and small intestine play specific roles in digestion and nutrient absorption. describe there roles

liver - detoxifies organic fluids and regulates distribution of nutrients

stomach- site of chemical digestion chemically breaks down food with chyme

pancreas- uses trypsin and chymotrypsin alkaline makes chyme less acidic

name describes three types of respiratory surfaces and in general explain the importance of ventilating them

lungs- gas exchange occurs when inhaling and exhaling ventilate in order to get o2 to heart

gills- gas exchange occurs when water moves over gills; needs water to exchange wile blood moves opposite direction

skin- gas exchange occurs over the skin need to be moist area for exchange to occur

deep diving mammals have an unique adaption whereby an internal reservoir of oxygen is present in their rested muscles. to what oxygen molecules bound?

myoglobin

the tracheae contain air tubes that deliver oxygen to the body cells of

grasshoppers

by what mechanism (beyond the heart pumping) does blood moves through the veins back towards the heart? what prevents the back flow of blood within them?

smooth muscle and skeleton muscles contractions along with vena cava

valves

why does the velocity of blood flow have to be so low in capillaries and by what means is this achieved

blood flow needs to be low in capillaries because they are thin and have thin membranes in order to diffuse materials. large cross sectional area creates high resistance (friction)

engulfing- phagocytic of innate immunity include all of the following except

dendritic cells

the receptors on T cells and B cells binds to

antigens

the name of the system (other than the circulatory system) that exists in partial service to the immune system to transport fluid the interstitial space (aka extracellular matrix/fluid) is

the lymphatic system

Arrange in the correct sequence these components of the mammalian immune system as it first responds to a pathogen.

I) Pathogen is destroyed.

II) Lymphocytes secrete antibodies.

III) Antigenic determinants from pathogen bind to antigen receptors on lymphocytes.

IV) Lymphocytes specific to antigenic determinants from pathogen become numerous.

V) Only memory cells remain.

III → IV → II → I → V

Lymphocytes mature in the _____.

I) spleen

II) thymus

III) bone marrow

only II and III

innate immunity

is activate immediately upon infection

T/F an epitope is the mirror image of antigen receptor

false

T/F mucus traps and allows for the removal of microbes

true

T/F fever is a local inflammatory response

false