Human Anatomy/Physiology Lab Practical 2- Articulations/Joints

1. Fibrous Joints

2. Cartilaginous Joints

3. Synovial Joints

What are the 3 structural classes of joints?

Articulations

sites where two or more bones meet

–hold the skeleton together

–give skeleton mobility

–joints are the weakest parts of the skeleton

Structural classification of articulations

–material binding the bones together

–presence of a joint cavity

–types

•fibrous

•cartilaginous

•synovial joints

Functional classifications of articulations

–amount of movement allowed at the joint

–types:

•synarthroses (immovable)

•amphiarthroses (slightly movable)

•diarthroses (freely movable)

Son

means together- tied together

Amphi

both- immoveable and moveable

Synarthroses

Amphiarthroses

Diarthroses

Name the 3 functional classes of joints

Because of the joint cavity

Why is synovial joints always diarthroses/freely mobile

Fibrous Joints

•Bones are connected by fibrous tissue with no joint cavity

• Amount of movement allowed depends on the length of connective tissue fibers uniting the bones

•Dense regular connective tissue holds together the ends of bones and bone parts; no joint cavity

Gomphosis

Suture

Syndesmosis

What are the 3 structural categories of fibrous joints

Gomphosis

Suture

What 2 structural categories of fibrous joints are synarthrosis aka immobile

Sydesmosis

Which structural category of fibrous joints are amphiarthrosis aka slightly mobile?

Gomphoses

Periodontal membranes hold tooth and bony jaw

ex: tooth to jaw

Suture

Dense regular connective tissue connects skull bones

ex: lambdoidal suture (connects occipital and parietal bones)

Sydemoses

Dense regular connective tissue fibers (interosseous membrane) between bones

ex: articulations between radius and ulna and between tibia and fibula

Ampharthrosis (slightly mobile)

Articulation between radius and ulna, and between tibia and fibula

Pubic symphysis; intervertebral disc articulation

Synarthrosis (immobile)

Tooth to jaw

Lamboidal suture

Epiphyseal plates in growing bones; costochondral joints

Diarthrosis (freely mobile)

Intercarpal joints

intermareal joints

elbow joint

knee joint

Interphalangeal joints

MP joints

Glenohumeral joint

Hip joint

Joint cavities

These have synovial fluid, which are fluid filled spaces between two bones

Syndesmosis Interosseous membrane

Dense regular connective tissues between bones - this is ampharthroses

Length of connective tissues

Amount of movement is based on

Cartilaginous Joints

Cartilaginous joints have cartilage connecting the articulating bones

These joints are either immobile, or slightly mobile

Connecting cartilage can be either hyaline or fibrocartilage

Pad of cartilage is wedged between the ends of bones; no joint cavity

THESE ARE FOR COMPRESSION

Synchondrosis

Symphysis

What are the two types of structural categories for cartilaginous joints?

Synchondrosis

Which cartilaginous joint category is synarthrosis (immobile)?

Symphysis

Which cartilaginous joint category is amphairthrosis (slightly mobile)?

Sychondrosis

Hyaline cartilage between bones

ex: epiphyseal plates in growing bones; costochondral joints

Symphysis

Fibrocartilage pad between bones (this word means growing together)

ex: pubic symphysis; intervertebral disc articulations

Hyaline

Shiny

ex: chicken bone

Fibrocartilage

Tough

Compression

Cartilage

Chon= _______

Synovial Joint

•Articulating bones are separated by fluid-containing joint cavity

•This arrangement permits substantial freedom of movement

•Ends of bones covered with articular cartilage; joint cavity separates the articulating bones; joint enclosed by an articular capsule, lined by a synovial membrane; contains synovial fluid

Articular Capsule

made of a fibrous layer and a synovial membrane – synovial membrane (epi that makes fluid) wraps entire joint – saran wrap

–Fibrous capsule:dense regular CT

–Synovial membrane: lines all internal joint surfaces that are not hyaline cartilage

 Lubricate, reduce friction, shock absorption, nutrient waste removal (bc no blood supply)

What does synovial fluid do for us?

Articular Cartilage

–Absorbs compression

–No perichondrium

Joint Cavity

Synovial Fluid is aka…

Synovial Fluid

–a filtrate of plasma

–lubrication – reduces friction between articular cartilages

–nourishment of chondrocytes

–Shock absorber

Strengthening Ligaments

–Intrinsic or capsular ligaments

–Extrinsic ligaments

•Extracapsular ligaments

•Intracapsular ligaments

Fatty Pads

Menisci

CT pads

Structure for mobile joints

(Model explained in class)

Bursae

Fluid pocket

Synovial

Where Rubbing occurs

(Water balloon story)

Intrinsic Ligaments

Thick bands of fibrous connective tissue that help thicken and reinforce the joint capsule

Extrinsic Ligaments

Separate from the joint capsule and help to reinforce the joint by attaching the bones together

These include BOTH extra scapular and intrascapular

Extracapsular Ligament

Tibial and fibular collateral ligament, patellar ligament

Intracapsular Ligament

Anterior/posterior cruciate

Tendon Sheaths

A thin layer of tissue, surrounds each tendon in the body.

Can also be called synovial lining or fibrous sheath.

Help protect tendons from abrasive damage as they move.

Synovial Membrane

Gliding Joint

Pivot Joint

Hinge Joint

What are the 3 uniaxial synovial joints?

Elliposoid Joint

Saddle Joint

What are the two biaxial joints?

Ball and Socket Joint

What is the only multiracial synovial joint?

Plane joint

Gliding joints are also known as…

Gliding or planar joints

Flattened or slightly curved surfaces that slide across one another, but the amount of movement is very slight

LINEAR MOVEMENT

Gliding Joint

Examples of which synovial joint type?

• Intercarpal joints

• Intertarsal joints

• Sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints

• Vertebrocostal joints

• Sacro-iliac joints

Pivot Joint

Bone with a rounded surface fits into a ring formed by a ligament and another bone permitting rotation only

ROTATIONAL

Pivot Joint

Examples of which joint type?

• Atlantoaxial Joint

• Proximal Radioulnar Joint

Hinge Joint

Convex feature of one bone fits into concave depression of another bone

Permits angular motion in a single plane, like the opening and closing of a door

ANGULAR

Hinge Joint

Examples of which type of synovial joint?

• Elbow joint

• Knee Joint

• Ankle Joint

• Interphalangeal Joint

Saddle Joint

Saddle-shaped articular surface on one bone closely interfaces with a saddle-shaped surface of another bone

Concave of one axis and convex on the other

ANGULAR MOTION

Saddle Joint

Examples of which synovial joint?

• THUMB

• First carpometacarpal Joint (articulations between carpal and first metacarpal)

• TRAPEZIUM

Ellipsoid Joint

An oval articular face nestles within a depression on the opposing surface

Oval articular surface on one bone closely interfaces with a depressed oval surface on another bone

ANGULAR MOTION

Condylar Joint

Ellipsoid Joint is aka….

Ellipsoid Joint

Examples of which synovial joint?

• KNUCKLES

• Metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5

• metatarsaophalangeal joints

• Radiocarpal joint

Ball-and-socket Joint

The round head of one bone rests within a cup-shaped depression of another

ANGULAR, CIRCUMDUCTION, AND ROTATIONAL MOTION

Ball-and-Socket Joint

Examples of which synovial joint?

• Shoulder Joint aka Glenohumeral

• Hip Joint

Flexion

Decreases angle between joints

Extension

Increases angle between joints

Hypertension

Overextending/flexing

Abduction

Moves AWAY from midline or is TAKEN AWAY from the body

Adduction

Moves TOWARD midline or it is ADDED to the body

Circumduction

Proximal end of appendage remains stationary, distal end traces a circle

Involves combination of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction

(Draw circle on board-forms cone-circumference)

Rotational Movements

Involves turning a bone around its own long axis

Common at hip and shoulder joint

Examples: medial and lateral rotation of thigh

Supination Rotation

Palm is up

Pronation Rotation

Back or top is exposed

Inversion

Eversion

Dorsiflexion

Dorsal fin on back-lifts back up

Plantar Flexion

Plant your toes

Protaction

Retraction

Double Chin

Elevation

Depression

Opposition

Two structures cross over

Only happens at thumb and pinky finger

Temporamandibular Joint (TMJ)

A modified hinge type of synovial joint

Head of Mandible

Mandibular Fossa

Sphenomandibular Ligament

Stylomandibular Ligament

Lateral Ligament of TMJ

Intervertebral Articulations

Intervertebral Discs

Nucleus Polposus of Intervertebral Discs

Anulus Fibrosus of Intervertebral Discs

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

behind body of vertebrae, runs up and down

Ligament Flavum

Interspinous Ligament

between (between spinous processes of vert)

Thoracic zygapophyseal Capsules

Supraspinous Ligament

Costotransverse Ligaments

Intertransverse Ligaments

Shoulder Joint