bio ll final exam

Select all of the following that are inferences made by Darwin's observations.

Individuals with more beneficial traits will have a higher probability of surviving and reproducing.

Unequal ability to survive and reproduce leads to an accumulation of favorable traits in the population over time.

Which of the top is a paraphyletic group?

Group I

habitat/ ecological

species separated by region

Temporal

Mating seasons don’t match

Behavioral

Mating rituals don’t match

Mechanical

Morphologies don’t match

Gametic

Sperm and egg won’t unite

Fungi

multicellular or unicellular, heterotroph, cell walls, asexual or sexual reproduction, nucleated cells

Plants

multicellular, autotroph, cell walls, sexual reproduction, nucleated cells

Animals

multicellular, heterotroph, no cell walls, sexual reproduction, nucleated cells

Bacteria/archaea

unicellular, heterotroph or autotroph, cell walls, asexual reproduction, no nucleus

Eukarya

plants, animals, fungi, protists

Prokarya

not a taxonomic category

Patterns of living things on Earth today should show more relatedness with proximity and less relatedness the more distal or more isolation through time.

True

Which of the following is false?

Darwin thought that abilities acquired through out one's life could be passed down to future generations.

When building complex phylogenetic trees many possible outcomes could be correct. To decide which tree to is most likely true, scientists usually go with...

The simplest possible tree

A fragment of a population migrating off to join another population is...

Gene flow

Morphological species concepts are not subject to scientific opinion.

False

A holotype is

a model species used to help identify a particular species.

The egg came before the chicken

True

Select all of the following that is an example of bottleneck effect.

large reduction in prairie dog lands due to urban expansion

warming temperatures causing heat stress and drought leading several populations to severe decline

The problem with the biological species concept is some organisms are asexual.

True

Darwin is considered the Father of Evolution.

True

Select all that apply to genetic drift.

reduction of genetic variation

accidental changes in allele frequencies in a population

Select all of the following that are reasons why natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms.

Adaptations are often compromises that result in strengths and weaknesses depending on the organism's environment.

New advantageous traits do not arise on demand.

A species that is confined to and native to a particular area is called _______________.

Endemic

When male deer compete with other males for reproduction with females, larger males usually win. This leads to males becoming larger over time, since they successfully reproduce with females.

This is an example of what type of selection?

Directional

What is the percentage of individuals in a population that have blonde hair if the frequency of the recessive allele "a" is 0.1?

A² + 2Aa + a² = 1

A + a = 1

0.01

Babies that are born too heavy cause problems for the mother and child during birth. However, babies that are born too light are weaker and survive less. Medium weight babies are favored and occur most often.

This is an example of what type of selection?

Stabilizing

Select all of the following that are domains for prokaryotic organisms.

Archaea

Bacteria

Mutations only reorganize existing alleles in new ways, but does not produce new alleles.

False

Which species concept is based on proximity of populations?

Ecological

Which of the following is false regarding fossils?

In order for fossils to form organisms usually have to be quickly frozen in ice or amber.

_____________ is the evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Phylogeny

Which of the following is the correct way to type a scientific name?

Staphylococcus aureus 

The difference between artificial and natural selection is whether environment or humans are selecting which traits is preferred among a set of offspring.

True

Phylogenetic trees are...

Hypotheses only

_____________ is similar inherited traits due to common ancestry.

Homology

Vestigial structures are remnants of features that are no longer used.

False

_____________ is similarities due to similar environmental pressures that lead to convergent evolution

Analogy

Which one of the statements is false?

Natural selection creates new adaptations within a population.

The production of offspring from the mating of individuals closely related by ancestry is..

All are correct

Some biologists argue that horizontal gene transfer was so common that the early history of life should be represented as a tangled network of connected branches

True

Use the following character table to determine the proper sequence of species "a" through species "e". Answers are listed from the top of the tree down.

e

a

b

d

c

Which of the top is a clade group?

Group III

Select all of the following that are evidences for evolution.

Anatomical structures should resemble that of earlier ancestral species with modifications due to adaptations

The sequence in which fossils are found show transitions in morphology and speciation.

Organisms on isolated land masses tend to evolve uniquely.

Which of the following is in order from most exclusive to most inclusive?

specific epithet, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

Which of the following is false?

Natural selection can create new gene versions.

Which of the following results in the population being more fit?

Natural selection

Fitness describes how well an organism will survive only in the specific environment it lives.

Natural selection can create new gene versions.

Which of the following results in the population being more fit?

Natural selection

Fitness describes how well an organism will survive only in the specific environment it lives.

True

A fragment of a population migrating off to start a new population in an area with no existing population is...

Founder effect

In order for evolution to occur...

the population must change over time.

Homoplasies are coincidental similarities in genetics and anatomical features that is not due to common ancestry.

True

Based upon this phylogenetic tree, which of the following is false?

Chimps evolved into bonobos before humans.

Which of the following is false regarding life strategies?

The number of individuals in a population that survive to ripe old ages is low when parents invest highly into their offspring.

Rivers meet oceans at ______________.

Estuaries

A/an __________________ diseases are those that has appeared and affected a population for the first time. Many of which originate in nonhuman animals.

Emerging

_________________ results in new species due to separation by geographic barrier in which evolution occurs independently.

Allopatric

Anatomically modern humans are thought to have started about 200,000 years ago on what continent?

Africa

Savanna

temperature is seasonly variable, long dry seasons, mostly drought tolerant grasses with sparse trees

chaparral

seasonal precipitation, hot summer and cool winters, dominated by shrubs, many browsing animals

Northern Coniferous Forest

variable precipitation, cold winters and mild summers, includes many migratory animals

Tundra

precipitation varies, cold winters and cool summers, frozen earth restricts plants to mosses, grasses and shrubs mostly, animals include oxen, caribou, and bears

By tracing motherly genetics all humans on Earth today are thought to be tied to a single matriarch about 200,000 years ago. What is used to trace matriarchy?

mtDNA

There are no rain-forests except tropical rain-forests.

False

Small populations encourage inbreeding. This typically weakens the population due to increased ratio of homozygosity and associated diseases.

True

Which of the following is false regarding biomes?

Deeper aquatic habitats are colder, lower pressure, and dark. So, only unique specialized organisms can survive there.

Which aquatic system has the lowest diversity?

Benthic

The amount of resources used per unit of population is called...

Ecological footprint

___________ is rapid diversification and spread of species.

Adaptive radiation

Which of the following is not included in the Precambrian earth?

Plants

______________ diseases are infections that are spread between people and animals.

Zoonotic

Which of the following was not a problem mentioned for origin of life research?

UV light encourages polymerization of nucleotides.

Mechanical

prickles on a rose bush

Chemical

bombardier beetle ejecting hot noxious liquid

Batesian mimicry

harmless red milk snake showing colors like a venomous coral snake

Mullerian mimicry 

both the Viceory and Monarch butterflies are similar in color and unpalatable taste 

Cryptic

walking sticks are shaped and colored to blend in with branches

Select all of the following that are dangers for the thawing permafrost.

Ground collapse

ancient dormant diseases getting released

further greenhouse gases releasing

Which of the following is false regarding evolution?

Experiments in reptiles have confirmed isolating populations increases adaptive rates

In order to maintain the health and stability of the central plains, fire must sweep through the area enough to curb invasive species and prevent ecological succession but not enough to destroy existing populations. This is known as...

Intermediate disturbance

Which of the following is in the correct order starting with the earliest to most recent

Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, Homo sapiens

On average, 1/6 of the food we eat go toward...

adding or repairing tissue (i.e. biomass)

What assumption does continued exponential growth make?

Unlimited resources

Which of the following is not true about the Cenozoic era?

First birds appear

Most of the Earth's living mass comes from...

Producers

Which of the following is not an example of a keystone species?

Crickets are one of many herbivores that feed a wide variety of secondary consumers. These secondary consumers also feed on grasshoppers and various beetles. Plants that are vulnerable to cricket herbivory are also vulnerable to other arthropod primary consumers in the same area.

Benthic refers to floor of an aquatic habitat.

True

According to the 10% rule, a lonely Swainson's Hawk living in a field weighing about 1100 grams would require how many mice per year to sustain the it if each mouse weighs about 50 grams? _____________ mice

5

Temperate zones are between the tropic and polar regions.

True

According to the 10% rule, which of the following statements is false?

Eating meat reduces the amount of needed crop production overall.

The position an organism occupies in the food chain is called its trophic level.

True

Developed countries tend to have the highest birthrate and lowest death rate.

False

Which of the following is false about the Paleozioc era?

first flowering plants appear

___________ is frozen earth beneath the surface that does not thaw throughout the year.

Permafrost

Half of the food we eat...

exits the body in feces

Which of the following is false regarding early molecular evolution?

RNA is more stable and lasts much longer in the environment than DNA.

By definition, life expectancy is based on an estimated age that members of a particular population group will be when they die. Although this estimate includes people who die younger and older, most people should expect to live to that age then die.

False