chapter three continued...

exceptions to cario

Equilirium

goes from strong to weak, unstable to stable, reactive to unreactive. low pKa to high pKa

sp

since C- is __ hybridized, it is more stable than N- even though N is more electronegative

resonance

(R in CARIO) if this is the same atom and same charge, it is not significant

equilibrium

will favor the side with the more stabilized negative charge

negative

bases are generally ________ or neutral

induction

compared with atom, EN only matters for _________.

counterions

tells us that atom is negatively charged. DOES NOT AFFECT RXN. aka spectator ions. they are needed to balance overall charge of solution

lewis acid

accepts a pair of electrons

lewis base

donates a pair of electrons

acids

under bronsted lowry definition are also acids under the lewis definition

base

under bronsted lowry definition are also bases under the lewis definition

bronsted lowry base

is always a lewis base

lewis acid

some of these cannot be classified using the bronsted lowry definition becasue it can accept electrons but has no hydrogen to give. this is because it has an empty p orbital. carbocation can act as this