NUR 111 Week 3

major minerals

• calcium

• phosphors

• magnesium

• sodium

• potassium

• chloride

trace minerals

• iron

• zinc

• iodine

• fluoride

mineral sources

• plants: fruits, veggies, whole grains

• animals: beef, chicken, egg, fish, milk

bioavalability

amount of mineral that can be absorbed from a food

calcium

functions: structure and storage, CNS for nerve impulses, muscle contraction and relaxation

dairy sources: milk, yogurt, cheese

non-dairy sources: broccoli, kale, salmon, sardine

deficiency: osteoporosis, tetany

toxicity: rigor, constipation, kidney stones

increasing calcium absorption

consumed with meals, pregnancy, lactose, sufficient vitamin d

decreasing calcium absorption

aging, dietary fiber, dietary fat, excessive laxative use, drugs (cortisone, thyroxine, tetracycline)

osteoporosis

bone density reduced, brittle bones, and break easily

rickets

bone structure weakens and are no longer straight

phosphorus

function: bones and teeth

food sources: protein rich, dairy, eggs, fish, poultry

toxicity: only from supplements, reduces amount of calcium absorbed only if calcium intake is inadequate

magnesium

function: structural and storage, nerve and muscle function, blood clotting and immune system

food sources: whole grains, broccoli, hard water

deficiency: vomiting, diarrhea, malnutrition, alcoholism

toxicity: supplements

electrolytes

• maintain acid-base balance and normal function of nerves and muscles

• sodium, potassium, chloride

sodium

function: blood pressure, blood volume, nerve impulses

food sources: table salt, overly processed foods

deficiency: dehydration, diarrhea, muscle cramps

toxicity: edema, high blood pressure

hyponatremia

low blood sodium levels, acute or chronic

potassium

functions: maintain fluid levels in cells, normal nerve and muscle function

food sources: bananas, oranges, tomatoes

deficiency: vomiting, diarrhea, diuretics, muscle weakness, confusion

toxicity: muscle weakness, vomiting

chloride

function: fluid balance in and out of cells, hydrochloric acid, acid/base balance

food: table salt

deficiency: dehydration or vomiting but is rare

toxicity: rare

iron

functions: distribute O2 through body

increase absorption: cook on iron skillet, consume nonheme with vitamin C

hemoglobin

O2 transport protein of RBCs to bring oxygen to all cells in the body

myoglobin

oxygen transporting protein in the muscle cells, hold O2 in muscle cells for quick use during activity

anemia

iron deficiency, low HBG and HCT, pale, tired

meosiderosis

storing too much iron in body (toxic)

hemochromatosis

genetic disorder causing excessive iron absorption

zinc

function: affects growth, ability to taste and smell, immune system, CHO metabolism through assisting insulin function

food sources: meat, fish, poultry, egg, whole grain

deficiency: impaired growth, reduced appetite, decreased wound healing

toxicity: n/v/d, fever, exhaustion

iodine

function: part of thyroid hormone “thyroxin”, regulates growth and development, body temp, metabolism

food sources: seafood, diary products, egg, iodized salt

deficiency: low thyroxin hormone, sluggishness, weight gain, goiter (enlarges thyroid gland)

toxicity: iodine induced goiter (thyrotoxicosis)

fluoride

function: resistance to tooth decay, tooth formation, enamel, bone health

food sources: fluoridated water, tea, seafood, seaweed, toothpaste

deficiency: dental carries

toxicity: fluorosis, pitting of teeth

fluorosis

brown spots on tooth enamel