Study Guide: Blood Typing and DNA Isolation

Blood type A corresponding genotype

Genotype AA or AO

Blood type B corresponding genotype

Genotype BB or BO

Blood type AB corresponding genotype

Genotype AB

XX

Female

XY

Male

Anti-A and anti-B antibodies are found in the ______.

Plasma

What is plasma?

liquid portion of blood

A, B, and Rh antigens are found on the ________ __ __ _____ ______.

surface of red blood cells.

A person with anti-B antibodies has...

blood type A or O.

A person with anti-A anti bodies has...

blood type B or O.

What is the universal donor?

O negative blood

Why is O negative considered the universal donor?

A, B, and Rh antigens, so it's unlikely to cause immune reactions in recipients.

What is the universal recipient?

AB positive blood

Why is AB positive considered the universal recipient?

Has all three antigens (A, B, and Rh), so it won't produce antibodies against any blood type.

Nitrogenous bases in DNA

Adenine(A), Thymine(T), Cytosine(C), Guanine(G)

Structure of DNA

double helix

What does Adenine(A) pair with?

Thymine(T)

What does Cytosine(C) pair with?

Guanine(G)

monomer of nucleic acids?

nucleotides

What is DNA made of?

4 nitrogen bases, a phosphate and a sugar

What is the sugar in DNA?

deoxyribose

What are histones?

Proteins that DNA wraps around to form nucleosomes, helping package DNA in the nucleus.

Where is DNA stored?

nucleus

What are chromosomes made of?

DNA

How many chromosomes do humans have?

46 (23 pairs)

Karyotype

A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs

Bonds in DNA

Phosphodiester and H-bonds

Backbone of DNA

phosphate and sugar

RNA nitrogen bases

Adenine(A), Uracil(U), Cytosine(C), Guanine(G)

How many strands is DNA?

Double stranded(two)

How many strands is RNA?

Single stranded(one)

What is blood antigen

A protein present on the surface of RBCs that determines a person's blood type.

RBC

red blood cell

What codes proteins?

genes

ag

antigen

Rh antigen

a protein present on red blood cells of a person with the Rh+ blood

If you are Rh+, you have _________________

You are positive for Rh

If you are Rh-, you have _________________

You are negative for Rh

What are antibodies?

Y-shaped proteins that destroy blood antigens

What keeps nucleotides together?

phosphodiester bonds

What type of bonds are phosphodiester bonds?

strong covalent bonds

Rh antigen also called

(D) antigen

What is agglutination?

clumping of red blood cells

Sugar in RNA

Ribose

The base is attached to the _____(deoxyribose),

Sugar

A sugar is attached to the _________.

phosphate

A phosphodiester bond connects what?

It links one sugar to the next, making the DNA backbone.

A hydrogen bond connects what?

Connects nitrogenous bases

Leading strand 

5’ to 3’ (right to left) direction continuously towards the fork

Lagging strand  

3’ to 5’ (left to right) direction in fragments away from the fork

Reason for blending peas?             

Breaks down cell walls to release cellular contents, including DNA.

Function of alcohol

Causes DNA to precipitate out of solution (makes DNA visible as white strands).

Function of detergent

Breaks down cell membranes and nuclear membranes to release DNA.

Purpose of salt solution

Helps remove proteins bound to DNA and neutralizes DNA's negative charge, allowing it to clump together.

Cell lysis

Breaking open cells

A blood sample is tested with three different antisera. When mixed with anti-A serum, no agglutination (clumping) is observed. When mixed with anti-B serum, agglutination (clumping) is observed. When mixed with anti-Rh serum, agglutination (clumping) is also observed. What is the blood type of this individual?

B+ (B positive)

What blood type is in the tray?

B- (B negative)