key terms AA civil rights

federalism

policy to split between federal (national) gov and state Govs. State is sovereign unless laws are constitutional

constitution

set of rules to explain how the country is governed, guarded by the Supreme Court

separation of powers

power divided into 3 branches; the executive, legislative, judiciary

checks and balances

branches given powers to check each others and prevent gaining too much power

supreme court

guard the constitution

constitutional rights

impossible/ very hard rights to remove

federal and state laws

federal can only make laws on specific aspects from the constitution, everything else is for a state

reconstruction

period 1865-77 reconstructing the infrastructure of southern states after the civil war

scalawags

white southerners, cooperated with AA and carpetbaggers to impose reconstruction

carpetbaggers

military rule in the south after the civil war. implemented reconstruction

freedman’s bureau

set up March 1865 to support freed slaves, helped black self-help groups with education

constitutional conventions

rules of good political behaviour

sharecroppers

could work the land of bigger farms and pay rent in half of their crops

crop-lien system

profits from harvesting a crop used to pay back loans and supplies to shopkeepers

black codes

southern states laws to control freed slaves

de factor vs de jure

the official position of the law vs the actual position in reality

segregation

separation of races in aspects of society

ku klux klan

terrorist organisation in southern states advocating white supremacy

exodusters

using the 1862 homestead act to buy cheap land out west

gilded age

period 1877-1900, laissez faire government

boll weevil

crisis in 1892 caused by an insect destroying largely black cotton crops

ghetto

black people settling in districts like Harlem, develop culture and community

enforcement acts

3 acts- gave the president and army more power to intervene on discrimination in elections and power to target anti-civil rights groups like the KKK

slaughterhouse case 1873

the rights of citizens should stay under state, not federal control- impede giving AA civil rights

compromise of 1877

hayes-tilden compromise, ended reconstruction

plessy v Ferguson 1896

a black man couldn’t sit in a white train carriage - legal precedent of ‘separate but equal’ allowing segregation

US v Cruickshank 1876

after a riot in Louisiana when 70 black people were killed, the Supreme Court rules the enforcement act only took action against states not individuals, they went free

Mississippi v williams 1896

argued the jury was unconstitutionally chosen because of the electoral register, Supreme Court rejected it

summing v board of education 1899

put the ‘separate but equal’ ruling into schools- even though more spent on white school

HBUCs

historically black university and colleges- like browning Howard

Tuskegee Institute

set up 1881 to provide basic education for black people by Booker T Washington

Niagara Movement

what the NAACP was originally called in 1908

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People 1909- civil rights organisation that fought legal discrimination

Lynching

mobs would torture and beat a black man before hanging him- when accused of a crime

Accommodationalist

acceptance/ conforming to segregation as black people were inexperiences- Booker T Washington

Integrationist

like Ida B Wells- supported ending segregation and equality of races in societyl

Seperatism

like WEB Du Bois- separate black institutions

Great Migration

1916-1930 move of black people north for jobs- 13.5 million in 1940

harlem hellfighters

members of the 369th regiment that spent more time on the frontline than any other unit

birth of a nation

1915 movie that presented the KKK as heroic and saving white women, led to KKK revival

double V campaign

soldiers returning from war sought victory against racism in Germany and then at home against racial discrimination

anti-miscegenation laws

laws that enforce racial discrimination in marriage and relationships

New Deal

FDR’s response to the Great Depression, collection of programmes to create new jobs and financial security

alphabet agencies

agencies created in the new deal made up of acronyms