Unit 5: How do different chemical environments support life?

These flashcards cover key concepts related to chemical environments supporting life, focusing on acids, bases, digestion, nutrition, and more.

What are the definitions of acids according to Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry?

Arrhenius defines acids as substances that increase H+ ions in solution, while Bronsted-Lowry defines them as proton donors.

What are the characteristics of acids?

Acids typically have a sour taste, can conduct electricity, and change the color of litmus paper to red.

What are some common acids?

Common acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and citric acid.

What is a neutralization reaction?

A neutralization reaction is a chemical reaction between an acid and a base that produces water and a salt.

What is the word equation for a neutralization reaction? Give an example.

The word equation is Acid + Base → Salt + Water. Example: Hydrochloric acid + Sodium hydroxide → Sodium chloride + Water.

Where does mechanical and chemical breakdown of food take place?

Mechanical breakdown occurs in the mouth and stomach; chemical breakdown primarily takes place in the stomach and small intestine.

Which enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of starch into glucose?

Amylase is the enzyme responsible for breaking down starch into glucose.

What are the parts and functions of the digestive system?

The digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder, each serving different roles in digestion and nutrient absorption.

How does bile help in digestion?

Bile aids digestion by emulsifying fats, making them easier to digest by enzymes.

What are micro and macro nutrients? Give examples, uses, and sources.

Macronutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, while micronutrients include vitamins and minerals; sources include fruits, vegetables, grains, and dairy.

What are the effects of Vitamin A deficiency?

Deficiency can lead to night blindness and immune system impairment.

What are the effects of Vitamin B deficiency?

Deficiency can result in fatigue, anemia, and nerve damage.

What are the effects of Vitamin C deficiency?

Deficiency can cause scurvy, leading to bleeding gums and fatigue.

What are the effects of Vitamin D deficiency?

Deficiency can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.

What is the function of water in our body?

Water is essential for maintaining body temperature, transporting nutrients, and facilitating biochemical reactions.

What is the pH range for acids and bases?

Acids have a pH less than 7, while bases have a pH greater than 7.

What is the difference between strong and weak acids and bases?

Strong acids and bases completely dissociate in solution, while weak acids and bases partially dissociate.

What are the hazard symbols?

Hazard symbols are graphical representations that warn about potential dangers, including toxicity, flammability, and corrosiveness.

What are indicators for acids and bases?

Indicators are substances that change color when in an acidic or basic environment, such as litmus paper turning red in acid.

What are some common acids?

Common acids include acetic acid (found in vinegar), citric acid (found in citrus fruits), and tartaric acid (found in grapes).