Unit 2: Energy and Life Review Flashcards

Flashcards based on lecture notes about energy, life, and cell division.

What are biofuels?

Fuels produced from plant and animal products.

What are fossil fuels?

Fuels from fossils in the form of oil, natural gas, coal, etc.

What are food fuels?

Fuels that supply energy to most living things (ATP).

What is the role of photosynthesis?

Energy captured by the sun and then stored into the chemical bonds of sugar (food source).

What is the role of cellular respiration?

Energy produced by living things using the chemical bonds stored in food.

What is energy?

The capacity to do work, the movement of matter against an opposing force.

What is kinetic energy?

Energy in motion (e.g., muscle movement, heat, light).

What is potential energy?

Stored energy (e.g., water behind a dam, chemical bonds in food).

What is chemical energy?

A form of potential energy stored in chemical bonds.

What happens to chemical bonds in food during cellular respiration?

The process of cellular respiration breaks these bonds, and when bonds are broken, the potential energy becomes kinetic energy, allowing movement.

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Energy can never be created or destroyed, only transfers from one form to another.

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

Energy transfers is not efficient, and always results in the production of heat.

What is ATP?

Adenosine Triphosphate, similar to a rechargeable battery used by living things for energy.

How is ADP charged to ATP?

Chemical bonds in food break, providing energy to add a phosphate to ADP, making ATP.

What happens when a phosphate group is removed from ATP?

Removing a phosphate group from ATP re-forms ADP and releases energy that can be used for cellular work.

What is cellular respiration?

Extracting energy from chemical bonds in food.

What is respiration?

The act of breathing.

What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis, Transition/Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain.

Where does glycolysis occur?

Cytoplasm.

What is the net result of glycolysis?

2 ATP and NADH.

What happens to NADH after glycolysis?

holds an electron that will be used later to add the third phosphate group onto ATP.

Is oxygen used in glycolysis?

Glycolysis does not directly use oxygen.

Where does the transition stage take place?

Mitochondria.

What occurs during the transition stage?

Pyruvic Acid from Glycolysis has a 3-carbon chain, and 1 carbon is broken off and released as CO2. The remaining 2-carbon molecule is attached to coenzyme A and forms into Acetyl CoA.

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?

Mitochondria.

What is created in the Krebs Cycle?

We need to collect NADH and FADH2 so that we can make ATP.

What are NADH and FADH2?

Electron carriers.

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

Mitochondria.

How many ATP are generated in the ETC?

Most of the ATP is generated in this stage.

What is the function of oxygen in the electron transport chain?

Oxygen is considered the final electron acceptor, eventually combines with oxygen and hydrogen to make water

What are the ATP production totals for each stage?

Glycolysis and Transition - 2 ATP/ Krebs Cycle - 2 ATP / ETC - 32 ATP

What are the net products of glycolysis?

2 ATP, 2 NADH

What happens to the missing carbon from pyruvate?

The carbon was lost as carbon dioxide.

Which step of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?

Electron transport chain

Why is cyanide deadly?

Cells cannot produce ATP.

What matter do plants use during photosynthesis?

Plants use CO2 as matter and sunlight as energy to produce solid plant material.

Name a few photosynthetic organisms.

Plants, Bacteria, Kelp and other algae.

What is the electromagnetic spectrum?

The range of energy in light.

What is visible light?

Light we can see.

What is the function of light for plants?

Chlorophyll in plants are also pigments that can absorb light, not to see, but use as energy.

What are chloroplasts?

Light-harvesting organelles where photosynthesis takes place.

Where are chloroplasts mostly located?

In the leaves.

What is the thylakoid?

Structures where the light reaction occurs.

What is the stroma?

The liquid in which the Calvin Cycle occurs.

What is the function of chlorophyll?

Absorbs sunlight, found in the thylakoids.

What colors of the spectrum does chlorophyll absorb?

almost all colors of the spectrum except for green; all reds and blues are absorbed.

What are the three types of pigments?

Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, Carotenoids.

What are the inputs of photosynthesis?

Light energy (sun), Carbon dioxide (atmosphere) - 6CO2, Water (ground) - 6H20

What are the outputs of photosynthesis?

Sugar - C6H12O6, Oxygen- 6O2

What are the two phases of photosynthesis?

Light reaction and the Calvin Cycle.

Where does the light reaction occur?

Thylakoid.

Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?

Stroma.

Summarize the light reaction.

H2O + sunlight → NADPH + O2

Summarize the Calvin Cycle.

NADPH + CO2 ⇒ C6H12O6

A plant with with green leaves reflects the color _?

green

What is an electron?

source that forms a covalent bond.

What are the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration?

Inputs: C6H12O6 + 6O2. Outputs: 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY

Where does the energy needed for Photosynthesis come from?

Sun

What type of light do plants use?

Visible Light

Where is MOST of the ATP made?

ETC, which is on the inner bag of the mitochondria

What is biodiversity?

Diversity: Microbes, Plant and Fungi, Animals

What are the 3 domains of life?

Domain Bacteria, Domain Archaea, Domain Eukarya

Are viruses alive?

No, are non-living parasites and do not belong to a domain of life.

What are the primary differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes (Domain Archaea Domain Bacteria) are Cells that are relatively small and more primitive, and lack membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotes (Domain Eukarya) are Cells that are relatively large and more complex, and contain membrane-bound organelles.

Where are microbes found?

In humans they are found in the intestines, mouth, and skin. They are also found in extreme environments as well.

Name a few benefits humans derive from bacteria.

Used as foods (Yogurt, cheese, beer, wine, vinegar). Prevent disease. Helps in food digestion

What is an antibiotic?

A chemical produced by a living thing that will kill another living thing.

Why is antibiotic resistance becoming such a dangerous issue?

People are dying more and more to bacterial infections due to resistance. With no other method of treating bacteria, it will bring us back to pre WW2 days!

How can we slow down antibiotic resistance?

Take prescribed Antibiotics correctly, limit exposure to antibiotics, never take antibiotics for viral infections. / Ask your doctor questions about your prescription. / Agriculture use is exacerbating the problem

As prokaryotes, bacteria lack what?

Organelles

What does it mean for something to be prokaryotic?

Simple cells that lack a nucleus

If you have a cold, should you take antibiotics to cure it?

No, antibiotics work on bacteria and have no effect on viruses.

Where is rRNA made?

Nucleolus

What characterizes Domain Archaea?

Small, simple, and lack Organelles, can live in extreme habitats

Describe the protists.

Most are microscopic and unicellular/ are made up of eukaryotic cells/ Ancestors to the plant, animal, and fungi.

Explain why Viruses are nonliving parasites

They don't grow, can't reproduce on its own, are hard to treat with medicine

An organism that lives in a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park is probably a…?

archaean

List a few of the challenges that Plants face living on land.

Roots/ Absorb water Anchor the plant store nutrients - starch

How does transport work in Plants?

Water moves from soil into root hairs/ Xylem cells line up as pipes to transport water/Pores in the leaves called stomata allow for water and gas exchange

What is the function of a flower?

Flowers contain both sperm and egg Can self fertilize and sexually fertilize

What structures are within the flower and what do they contain?

Stamen- (sperm) male section that produces pollen/Carpel - female section containing the ovary

What are the three animal groups?

fungi, animals, and plants

What are the 3 Groups that do not need sunlight?

Fungi, Animals and Microbes

Benefits from fungi.

Decomposer breaks down dead organisms, important food source, important in medicine

Harmful effects from fungi.

Can be parasitic, can be poisonous, releases spores that can cause

Name the levels for classifying an organism?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum(plural, phyla), Class, Order, Family, Genus (plural, genera), Species (no specie!)

Plants take up CO₂ for photosynthesis….?

through holes in the leaves called stomata

Describe animals:

Eat other organisms/ Can move/ Are multicellular

This group is considered the most primitive type of animal?

Sponges

Chromosomes replication is what?

DNA duplication

What is cell division?

Cells divide copy to make new cells

How do we start the cell division process?

To divide we must first replicate DNA, and then divide the cell into two cells

Genetic information

Is a sequence similar to a library book

How does DNA work?

DNA is double stranded, where the bases are complimentary to each other A:T, G:C

What is semi-conservative replication?

The original DNA splits in half and becomes the template to build a new strand Each old strand is the template for a new strand

Define Homologous chromosomes.

a chromosome with the same genetic information with slight variation in sequence

Mitosis

the process of cell division in non-sex (somatic)

Mitosis Phases::

1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase

What is Review of Replication and Division?

Interphase - DNA is replicated Mitosis begins - cells divide into 2

What is Cancer?

DNA in a cell is mutated and begins to divide uncontrollably