Distal Front Limb Radiography

We can control 3 parameters to alter the nature of the X Ray beam produced and so optimize our radiographic image

1. kVp

2. mA

3. Times

increasing kVp will —- the contrast

decrease

Higher mA increases the total number of photons and — the image overall and — contrast

DARKENS, REDUCES

what is considired the forelimb (3)

• Limb distal to carpus = Dorsal/Palmar

• Limb proximal to carpus = Cranial/Caudal

• Trunk (scapula) = Dorsal/Ventral

what is considired the hindlimb (3)

1. Limb distal to tarsus = Dorsal/Plantar

2. Limb proximal to tarsus = Cranial/Caudal

3. Trunk (pelvis) = Dorsal/Ventral

what is it

proximal epiphysis

what is it

metaphysis

what is it

diaphysis

what is it

metaphysis

what is it

distal epiphysis

what is it

articular cartilage

what is it

spongy bone

what is it

epiphyseal line

what is it

red bone marrow

what is it

endosteum

what is it

compact bone

what is it

medullary cavity

what is it

yellow bone marrow

what is it

periosteum

what is it

nutrient artery

what is it

articular cartilage

It is important to collimate the field as tightly as possible to —- scatter radiation. This also results in —- contrast

reduce higher

Use a small focal spot to maximize — —

spatial resolution.

Use —- kV and —- mAs technique to maximize radiographic contrast and not overexpose the image.

low, high

what is it

spine of scapula

what is it

acromion of scapula

what is it

supraglenoid tubervle of scapula

what is it

greater tubercle of humerus

what is it

proximal physis of humerus

what is it

humerus

what is it

scapula

what is it

infraglenoid tubercle of scapula

what is it

head of humerus

what is it

glenoid cavity of scapula

where do u measure Lateral (Mediolateral) View of the Scapula

Dorsally at the cranial border of the scapula approximately at about the site of T1 to T2 spinous process or thickest area where scapula is noted.

where is the central ray for Lateral (Mediolateral) View of the Scapula

Center of the scapula.

where are the 3 borders for Lateral (Mediolateral) View of the Scapula

1. Cranial: Proximal to shoulder joint.

2. Caudal: Past Caudal border of the scapula

3. Dorsally and ventrally: Include the entire scapula.

where do measure Lateral (Mediolateral) View of the Shoulder (2)

1. At the level of the shoulder joint.

2. Extend the caliper to the point of the unaffected shoulder, being careful not to include that limb.

where is the central ray for Lateral (Mediolateral) View of the Shoulder

At the scapulohumeral articulation6 (shoulder joint) by palpating the proximal head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa of the scapula.

where are the 2 borders for Lateral (Mediolateral) View of the Shoulder

1. Distally: Distal third of the scapula.

2. Proximally: Proximal third of the humerus.

where to measure Caudocranial View of the Shoulder (2)

1. At the level of the scapulohumeral articulation (shoulder joint).

2. Extend the calipers over the caudal cervical vertebral bodies, but do not include the opposite limb.

where is the central ray Caudocranial View of the Shoulder

Palpate the proximal head of the humerus and the acromion of the scapula at the center of the scapulohumeral articulation (shoulder joint).

where is the 2 border for Caudocranial View of the Shoulder

1. Distally: Distal third of the scapula.

2. Proximally: proximal third of the humerus

where to measure for Caudocranial View of the Shoulder (2)

1. At the level of the scapulohumeral articulation (shoulder joint).

2. Extend the calipers over the caudal cervical vertebral bodies, but do not include the opposite limb.

where is the central ray for Caudocranial View of the Shoulder

Palpate the proximal head of the humerus and the acromion of the scapula at the center of the scapulohumeral articulation (shoulder joint).

where are the 2 borders for Caudocranial View of the Shoulder

1. Distally: Distal third of the scapula.

2. Proximally: proximal third of the humerus

what are the routine x-rays for shoulder (3)

1. Lateral (Mediolateral) View of the Scapula

2. Lateral (Mediolateral) View of the Shoulder

3. Caudocranial View of the Shoulder

where to measure for Lateral (Lateromedial) View of the Scapula

where is the central ray for Lateral (Lateromedial) View of the Scapula

Center of the scapula.

where are the 3 borders for Lateral (Lateromedial) View of the Scapula

1. Cranial: Proximal to shoulder joint.

2. Caudal: Past Caudal border of the scapula.

3. Dorsally and ventrally: Include the entire scapula.

where to measure for Skyline (Cranioproximal-Craniodistal) View of the Shoulder for the Bicipital Groove

At the head of the humerus, palpating for the bicipital groove.

where is the centre for Skyline (Cranioproximal-Craniodistal) View of the Shoulder for the Bicipital Groove

At the head of the humerus, palpating for the bicipital groove.

where is the border for Skyline (Cranioproximal-Craniodistal) View of the Shoulder for the Bicipital Groove

Proximal humerus with tight collimation.

what are the 2 ancillary views of the shoulder

1. Lateral (Lateromedial) View of the Scapula

2. Skyline (Cranioproximal-Craniodistal) View of the Shoulder for the Bicipital Groove

what is it

supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

what is it

greater tubercle of humerus

what is it

proximal physis of humerus

what is it

condyle of humerus

what is it

head of radius

what is it

proimal radioulnar joint

what is it

scapula

what is it

head of humerus

what is it

olecranon

what is it

medial epicondyle of humerus

what is it

medial coronoid process of ulna

where to measure for Lateral (Mediolateral) View of the Humerus

Toward the proximal humerus at the level of the scapulohumeral articulation (shoulder joint).

where is the central ray for Lateral (Mediolateral) View of the Humerus

Midshaft of the humerus.

where are the 2 borders of the Lateral (Mediolateral) View of the Humerus

1. Proximal: To shoulder.

2. Distal: To elbow

what is it

lesser tubercle of humerus

what is it

medical epicondyle of humerus

what is it

trochlea of humeral condyle

what is it

medial coronoid process of ulna

what is it

ulna

what is it

scapula

what is it

greater tubercle of humerus

what is it

deltoid of humerus

what is it

supratochlear foramen

what is it

lateral epicondyle of humerus

what is it

capitulum of humeral condyle

what is it

olecranon

what is it

radius

what is the measure of the Caudocranial View of the Humerus

Midshaft toward the proximal aspect; across at the level of T1.

where is the central ray of the Caudocranial View of the Humerus

where are the 2 borders of the Caudocranial View of the Humerus

1. Proximal: Include shoulder joint.

2. Distal: Include elbow joint

what are the upper arm routine x-rays (2)

1. Lateral (Mediolateral) View of the Humerus

2. Caudocranial View of the Humerus

where is the measurement of the Craniocaudal View of the Humerus

Midshaft of the humerus toward the proximal aspect.

where is the central ray of the Craniocaudal View of the Humerus

Midshaft of the humerus.

where are the 2 borders of the Craniocaudal View of the Humerus

1. Proximal: Include shoulder joint.

2. Distal: Include elbow joint

what are the upper arm ancillary x-rays

Craniocaudal View of the Humerus

what is it

anconeal process

what is it

humerus

what is it

radius

what is it

ulna

what is it

humerus

what is it

radius

that is it

ulna

what is it

humerus

what is it

radius

what is it

ulna

what is it

medial coronoid process of ulna