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Bones of the skull, Thorax (chest region), & Vertebral column
Axial skeleton & Longitudinal Axis consist of
80
There are _____ Bones in the Axial Skeleton
22 (6 Auditory ossicles, 1 Hyoid)
There are _____ Skull bones
24
Vertebral Column has _____ bones
24 ribs, 1 sternum
Thoracic Cage has ____
Cranium
Surrounds and protects the brain
Facial bones
Attachment for facial muscles
Nasal Complex
Consists of bones/cartilage that enclose nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses
Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, & Maxilla
Air filled chambers
produce mucus
resonate when sound made
Lighten skull
Paranasal Sinuses
Vertebral column functions
support head weight
protects spinal cord
maintains upright posture
5 Sections
Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacral (5)
Coccygeal (3-5)
Vertebral column is separated into
The Atlas (C1)
Articulates w/eh occipital condyles to support skull
T1-T10
Contain transverse coastal facets for articulation w/the ribs
Sacrum
The _____ is the Fused components of 5 sacral vertebrae
Protects reproductive, digestive, & excretory organs
Thoracic Cage Function
Protects Heart/Lungs/Thymus/Other in thoracic cavity
Attachment pt. for muscles in
breathing
Posture
Movement of pectoral girdle
12
first 7 = TRUE Ribs
Pairs 8-12 = FALSE Ribs
There are _____ Pairs of Ribs
3 Parts
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid Process
Sternum is divided into ____
Appendicular Skeleton
Consists of Upper/Lower limbs & Girdles
Contraction of the muscles
Bones store majority of Ca in body
Ca (Calcium) is essential for
Pectoral Girdle
Composed of SCAPULA & CLAVICLE
Upper Limbs
Consists of Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Hands bones
Pelvic Girdle
Support/Protect Lover viscera
Large bcuz supports weight of body
Consists of TWO Hip bones
Lower Limbs
The ____ Consists of
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Feet Bones
Joints/ Articulations
Junctions b/w 2+ Bones are ____
Histological Structure OR Range of Motion
Joints are classified by their
Range of Motion 3 sections
Immovable joints - Synarthrosis
Slightly Moveable joints - Amphiarthrosis
Freely Moveable Joints - Diarthrosis
Amphiarthroses
Motion is limited
bones are farther apart than at Synarthrosis
DIARTHROSIS Characteristics (Synovial Joints)
Specialized for MOVEMENT (Freely moveable)
Bony Surfaces, covered by ARTICULAR Cartilage
Bones don’t touch
Cartilage=shock absorber
reduces FRICTION within joint
Usually at ENDS of LONG Bones
*Synovial Fluid = Nature’s DW-40 *
Diarthrosis
Planes of movement for ______
Monoaxial: Movement in one plane (elbow, ankle)
Biaxial: Movement in 2 planes (ribs, waist)
Triaxial: Movement in 3 planes (shoulder, hip)
Joint Capsule OR ARTICULAR CAPSULE
Synovial joint surrounded by a
Regularly arranged CONNECTIVE TISSUE & inner Synovial MEMBRANE
Joint Capsule/Articular Capsule’s DENSE outer layer is
Synovial Fluid Functions
Lubricates the joint
Nutrient Distribution
Shock Absorbtion
FIXED Anatomical point
Movement based on relationship of movement from
Ex. of Angular Motion
Movement of the arm in relation to the shoulder
Angular Motion
Abduction/Adduction
Flexion/Extension
Circumduction
Movement of arm/leg in a circle
Flexion Defin.
Movement in the Anterior-Posterior plane that DECREASES the angle b/w the bones
Extension Defin.
In the same plane but INCREASES the angle b/w the bones
ABDuction Defin.
Movement AWAY from the LONGITUDINAL axis of body’s Frontal Plane
ADDuction Defin.
Moving back TOWARD the longitudinal Axis
Hyperextension
Any movement where the limb is extended beyond normal limits
Results in injury
Prevented by: Ligaments, Tendons, Muscles that surround the joint
Internal/Medial Rotation
When limb rotates INWARD (toward anterior surface)
External/Lateral Rotation
When limb rotates OUTWARD
Pronation
When the hand faces away from the FRONTAL plane
Supination
When the hand is turned to face the ANTERIOR plane
SUTURE Synarthroses Characteristics
Synarthrotic joint (Immovable joint)
B/w bones of skull
Bones interlocked/bound
GOMPHOSIS Synarthroses Characteristics
Synarthrotic joint (Immovable joint)
Binds teeth to bony sockets
Fibrous connection is periodontal
SYNDESMOSIS Amphiarthrosis Characteristics
Amphiarthroses joint (Limited movement joint)
FIBROUS
Bones connected by ligament
Ex. Distal joint b/w the tibia & fibula
SYMPHYSIS Amphiarthrosis Characteristics
Amphiarthroses joint (Limited movement joint)
CARTILAGINOUS
Two bones connected by a wedge or pad of fibrocartilage
Ex. The joint connecting both Os Coxae