ANAT LEC Ch. 6 & 7 & 8

Bones of the skull, Thorax (chest region), & Vertebral column

Axial skeleton & Longitudinal Axis consist of

80

There are _____ Bones in the Axial Skeleton

22 (6 Auditory ossicles, 1 Hyoid)

There are _____ Skull bones

24

Vertebral Column has _____ bones

24 ribs, 1 sternum

Thoracic Cage has ____

Cranium

Surrounds and protects the brain

Facial bones

Attachment for facial muscles

Nasal Complex

Consists of bones/cartilage that enclose nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses

Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, & Maxilla

• Air filled chambers

• produce mucus

• resonate when sound made

• Lighten skull

Paranasal Sinuses

Vertebral column functions

• support head weight

• protects spinal cord

• maintains upright posture

5 Sections

• Cervical (7)

• Thoracic (12)

• Lumbar (5)

• Sacral (5)

• Coccygeal (3-5)

Vertebral column is separated into

The Atlas (C1)

Articulates w/eh occipital condyles to support skull

T1-T10

Contain transverse coastal facets for articulation w/the ribs

Sacrum

The _____ is the Fused components of 5 sacral vertebrae

• Protects reproductive, digestive, & excretory organs

Thoracic Cage Function

1. Protects Heart/Lungs/Thymus/Other in thoracic cavity

2. Attachment pt. for muscles in

   • breathing

   • Posture

   • Movement of pectoral girdle

12

• first 7 = TRUE Ribs

• Pairs 8-12 = FALSE Ribs

There are _____ Pairs of Ribs

3 Parts

• Manubrium

• Body

• Xiphoid Process

Sternum is divided into ____

Appendicular Skeleton

Consists of Upper/Lower limbs & Girdles

Contraction of the muscles

• Bones store majority of Ca in body

Ca (Calcium) is essential for

Pectoral Girdle

Composed of SCAPULA & CLAVICLE

Upper Limbs

Consists of Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Hands bones

Pelvic Girdle

• Support/Protect Lover viscera

• Large bcuz supports weight of body

Consists of TWO Hip bones

Lower Limbs

The ____ Consists of

• Femur

• Patella

• Tibia

• Fibula

• Feet Bones

Joints/ Articulations

Junctions b/w 2+ Bones are ____

Histological Structure OR Range of Motion

Joints are classified by their

Range of Motion 3 sections

1. Immovable joints - Synarthrosis

2. Slightly Moveable joints - Amphiarthrosis

3. Freely Moveable Joints - Diarthrosis

Amphiarthroses

• Motion is limited

• bones are farther apart than at Synarthrosis

DIARTHROSIS Characteristics (Synovial Joints)

• Specialized for MOVEMENT (Freely moveable)

• Bony Surfaces, covered by ARTICULAR Cartilage

  • Bones don’t touch

  • Cartilage=shock absorber

  • reduces FRICTION within joint

• Usually at ENDS of LONG Bones

*Synovial Fluid = Nature’s DW-40 *

Diarthrosis

Planes of movement for ______

• Monoaxial: Movement in one plane (elbow, ankle)

• Biaxial: Movement in 2 planes (ribs, waist)

• Triaxial: Movement in 3 planes (shoulder, hip)

Joint Capsule OR ARTICULAR CAPSULE

Synovial joint surrounded by a

Regularly arranged CONNECTIVE TISSUE & inner Synovial MEMBRANE

Joint Capsule/Articular Capsule’s DENSE outer layer is

Synovial Fluid Functions

• Lubricates the joint

• Nutrient Distribution

• Shock Absorbtion

FIXED Anatomical point

Movement based on relationship of movement from

Ex. of Angular Motion

Movement of the arm in relation to the shoulder

Angular Motion

• Abduction/Adduction

• Flexion/Extension

Circumduction

Movement of arm/leg in a circle

Flexion Defin.

Movement in the Anterior-Posterior plane that DECREASES the angle b/w the bones

Extension Defin.

In the same plane but INCREASES the angle b/w the bones

ABDuction Defin.

Movement AWAY from the LONGITUDINAL axis of body’s Frontal Plane

ADDuction Defin.

Moving back TOWARD the longitudinal Axis

Hyperextension

Any movement where the limb is extended beyond normal limits

• Results in injury

• Prevented by: Ligaments, Tendons, Muscles that surround the joint

Internal/Medial Rotation

When limb rotates INWARD (toward anterior surface)

External/Lateral Rotation

When limb rotates OUTWARD

Pronation

When the hand faces away from the FRONTAL plane

Supination

When the hand is turned to face the ANTERIOR plane

SUTURE Synarthroses Characteristics

• Synarthrotic joint (Immovable joint)

• B/w bones of skull

• Bones interlocked/bound

GOMPHOSIS Synarthroses Characteristics

• Synarthrotic joint (Immovable joint)

• Binds teeth to bony sockets

• Fibrous connection is periodontal

SYNDESMOSIS Amphiarthrosis Characteristics

• Amphiarthroses joint (Limited movement joint)

• FIBROUS

• Bones connected by ligament

• Ex. Distal joint b/w the tibia & fibula

SYMPHYSIS Amphiarthrosis Characteristics

• Amphiarthroses joint (Limited movement joint)

• CARTILAGINOUS

• Two bones connected by a wedge or pad of fibrocartilage

• Ex. The joint connecting both Os Coxae