Bio finals

F quizlet

Viral infections can be prevented by vaccines, which are:

Chemicals that destroy viral DNA

Which of the following bacterial cells shown in Figure 20-2 is a coccus?

c (Right)

Proteins in the viral capsid or on the surface membrane function to

Bind the virus to the surface of a host cell

Viruses

vary greatly in size and structure

What is the basic structure of a virus?

DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat

A prophage is made of

viral DNA

What kind of pathogen causes clumps of misfolded proteins to form in the brain?

Prions

Some prokaryotes are able to survive unfavorable conditions by forming

Endospores

Bacteriophages infect

Bacteria

How do viruses cause disease?

by destroying cells or affecting cellular processes

The instructions for making new copies of a virus are

Coded in either RNA or DNA

Which of the following can survive either with oxygen or without it

Facultative anaerobes

Prokaryotes that break down dead organisms and wastes are called

Decomposers

Which structure or structures shown in Figure 20-1 have key differences in bacteria and archaea?

A and B

Figure 20-1 shows the structure of

A bacterium

The outer protein coat of a virus is called a

Capsid

Prions differ from viruses because

prions contain no DNA or RNA

A lytic infection concludes with the

bursting of the host cell

What 3 materials make up many viruses?

proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids

Bacteria that cause disease are called

Pathogens

Unlike lytic viruses, lysogenic viruses do NOT:

lyse the host cell right away

How do bacteria cause disease?

by destroying cells and releasing toxins

Viral diseases can be

prevented with vaccines but not treated with antibiotics

Where are you likely to find a photoautotroph?

near the surfaces of lakes and streams

During what process do prokaryotes exchange genetic information?

Conjugation

Escherichia coli is classified as

Bacterium

TRUE/FALSE: Prokaryotes are different from eukaryotes because prokaryotic cells lack DNA

True

TRUE/FALSE: Many archaea live in harsh environments, such as hot springs

True

TRUE/FALSE: Most viruses can infect a wide range of cell types

False. Viruses will only be able to infect the cells of one or a few species of organism.

TRUE/FALSE: Like viruses, prions are nonliving and can cause disease

True

EVOLUTION: According to Darwin's theory of natural selection, the individuals that tend to survive are those that have

Variations best suited to environmental conditions

Modern sea star larvae resemble some primitive vertebrate larvae. This similarity may suggest that primitive vertebrates

Share a common ancestor with sea stars

According to Darwin's theory of natural selection, individuals who survive are the ones best adapted for their environment. Their survival is due to the

Possession of inherited adaptations that maximize fitness

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection explains each of the following EXCEPT how

Inherited traits are passed from parent to offspring

Which are the major concepts included in Lamarck's evolutionary theory?

Body structures can change according to the actions of the organism

When a farmer breeds his or her best livestock the process involved is

Artificial selection

Based on the adaptations Charles Darwin observed in finches and tortoises in the Galapagos, he wondered

If species living on different islands have been members of the same species

The principle of common descent helps explain why

birds and reptiles share a number of inherited characteristics

Which of the following phrases best describes the results of natural selection?

Changes in the inherited characteristics of a population over time

Darwin realized that the economist Malthus's theory of population control

Could be generalized to any population of organisms

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed that organisms

have an innate tendency toward complexity and perfection

Charles Darwin viewed the fossil record as

useful support for his theory

What did Charles Darwin learn from reading the work of James Hutton and Charles Lyell?

Gradual change operating over long periods of time can result in dramatic changes

Darwin noticed that many organisms seemed well suited to

Surviving in the environment in which they lived

When a dairy farmer chooses to breed the cows that gives the most milk in the herd, the farmers are following the principles of Artificial selection

Which statement about the members of a population that live long enough to reproduce is consistent with the theory of evolution by natural selection?

They are the ones that are best adapted to survive in their environment

Which statement is part of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection

More offspring are produced than can possibly survive

James Hutton's and Charles Lyell's work suggests that

Earth is several million years old

Charles Darwin called the ability of an organism to to survive and in its specific environment

Fitness

The number and location of bones of many fossil vertebrates are similar to those in living vertebrates. This is evidence in support of which of the following concepts?

common descent

According to Grant's investigation of Galapagos finches, what happened to the beaks of finches? Beaks became larger over many generations

People of Charles Darwin's time understood that fossils were

preserved remains of ancient organisms

Molecular evidence in support of natural selection includes

the nearly universal genetic code

In humans, the pelvis and femur, or thigh bone, are involved in walking. In whales, the pelvis and femur shown in Figure 16-1 are

Vestigial structures

What principle does the Grants' investigation of finch adaptation in the Galapagos Islands best support?

natural selection

Darwin's concept of natural selection was NOT influenced by

knowledge about the structure of DNA

Which of the following ideas is supported by Darwin's observation of local variation among tortoises in the Galapagos Islands?

Adaptation

In an experiment, suppose that the wings of fruit flies were clipped short for fifty generations. The fifty first generation emerged with normal length wings. This observation would tend to disprove the idea that evolution is based on..

inheritance of acquired traits

The economist Thomas Malthus suggested that

without certain checks on population size, there would soon be insufficient food for the growing human population

When farmers select animals or plants to use for breeding, they look for

natural variations that are present in a species

Which of the following include all the others

(DNA molecules, nucleosomes, histones)

Chromosomes

In Figure 12-5, what nucleotide is going to be added at point 1, opposite from thymine?

Adenine

In Figure 12-5, what is adding base pairs to the strand?

DNA polymerase

Griffith called the process he observed transformation because

A harmless bacteria had been transformed

What did Avery conclude caused transformation?

DNA was the transforming factor

Rosalind Franklin contributed to the understanding of DNA by

Producing images of DNA molecules using X-rays

DNA replication results in two DNA molecules

each with one new strand and one original strand

Genes contain instructions for assembling

Proteins

Figure 12-2 shows the structure of

DNA molecule