exam 1 cell bio

Caenorhabditis elegans (c.elegans)

959 body cells, neurons completely mapped, understanding of programmed cell death, 302 total neurons

danio rerio

zebra fish, transparent for first two weeks of life, good for devleopmental studies

mus musculus

mice, have brains and social structures

e coli

most understood organism, prokaryote, single, circular double strand of DNA, ~4.6 million nucleotide pairs long, produces 4300 proteins

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

minimal model eukaryote

Arabidopsis thaliana

common wall cress, produces throusands of offspring in 8-10 weeks, easy to grow indoors, complete DNA sequence known

drosophila melanogaster

has shown us how to trace cause and effect from DNA instruction to structure of adult multicellular organism, DNA genome well known.

homo sapiens

humans, ALL drugs tested on humans, major differences between humans and mice.

light microscope

light source used to magnify, in the micrometer range

confocal

scans with a laser beam, focused at a specifc point, like slicing the cell. series of optical sections allow for 3D image shaping

transmission electron

uses a beam of electrons and magnetic foils to focus the lenses

Which type of signaling molecule is specifically described as capable of directly regulating transcription?

hydrophobic hormones

Nitric oxide gas

released from the endothelial

cells and diffuses into the smooth muscle cells

acts as signaling molecule

disulfide bonds

maintain stability, Covalent bond, Formed enzymatically in the ER

alpha helix

Nonpolar side chains can face the lipid environment, The hydrophilic peptide backbone can hydrogen-bond with itself, Approximately 20 amino acids can span the membrane in this arrangement

glycolysis

no oxygen needed, starts with glucose, ends with 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH, occurs in the cytoplasm

pyruvate converted

converted into acetyl CoA, occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

lipids produce

6x more energy in sugars/weight

krebs (citric acid cycle)

starts with acetyl CoA, doesn’t require O2, happens in the mitochondrial matrix

oxidative phosphorylation

requires oxygen, starts with e- transport chain and then goes into the atp synthesis. yields 30 ATP per turn. happens in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Chloroplast inner membrane

this is impermeable to ATP or NADH.

photosynthesis 1

light dependent. H2O oxidation and O2 released

photosynthesis 2

Carbon fixation to produce sugars. light independent. Sugars made here then passed to the mitochondria.