Unit 5 Revolutions 1750-1900

Flashcards based on lecture notes for Unit 5, covering the Enlightenment, Nationalism & Revolutions, the Industrial Revolution, and their social and economic impacts.

What was the Enlightenment?

An intellectual movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason to reconsider accepted ideas and social institutions.

What is Empiricism?

The idea that reality is discerned through the senses and the only way to know the nature of reality is through the senses

According to Thomas Hobbes, what is the state of human morality without a sovereign?

Humans have no moral compass unless there are predetermined rules to say what actions are good or bad; justice only exists when a sovereign is established.

According to John Locke, what rights are humans endowed with?

Humans are endowed with natural rights like life, liberty, and property that are granted by virtue of being a human

What is the Social Contract as argued by John Locke?

Humans and government are in social contract together → power to govern are in the hands of the people, but people give up some of their power in to a government who protects their natural rights

What is Nationalism?

A strong identification of a group of people who share an ethnic identity and language

What are the principles of laissez-faire economics as argued by Adam Smith?

No limit on wealth, people should be left alone for supply and demand, minimal government intervention

What is Deism?

God created all things in the beginning including natural laws, but after creating it, let it be

What is Conservatism?

A strong belief in tradition and the shunning of ideology in favor of practical ideas

In 'Rights of Women,' what did Mary Wollstonecraft argue?

Argued that if women were given the chance, they would be able to achieve just as much as men

What was the Seneca Falls Convention?

A rally for women’s rights and suffrage in the U.S.

According to Enlightenment thinkers, where do rights originate?

Rights came from God (or the fact of being human) not government; life, liberty, and property, resulting in social contract with government.

What factors contributed to the American Revolution?

Geographically isolated, and they had no representation in parliament despite being an important source of wealth for Britain, taxation without representation

What Enlightenment ideas influenced the Declaration of Independence?

Used a massive amount of Enlightenment thought, especially John Locke’s ideas, “Unalienable rights”, “governments… derive their powers from the consent of the governed”

What was the Estates-General?

Official body representing the three estates of the French- Clergy, nobility, commoners

What was the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution?

Led by Maximilien Robespierre, executed more than 17,000 enemies of the Revolution

What is the historical significance of the Haitian Revolution?

First successful revolution of enslaved people and the first black-led independent nation in the western hemisphere

Why did the New Zealand Wars occur?

Natives (maori) did not like being ruled by foreigners and joined together to fight back British

What factors led to the Latin American revolutions?

Creoles in Latin America began to think about their daily lives, especially with Enlightenment thought, Many were wealthy because of agriculture pursuits, but because of the mercantilist policies of Spain, they were losing lots of profit, Often were not given positions of authority in favor of the peninsulares

What was the state of Italy prior to its unification?

Since fall of Rome, the Italian peninsula had been divided into independent and competing states

What is the Industrial Revolution?

Process of producing goods with machines in order to make labor more efficient

What were the key reasons the Industrial Revolution began in England?

Island country with abundant access to river and canals allowing for easy and inexpensive trade; Lots of coal and iron in England

How did productive agriculture contribute to the Industrial Revolution in England?

Advances in agriculture increased harvests , Crop rotation was introduced to maintain soil fertility , Seed drill allowed farmers to plant seeds in the right location and depth

What is Urbanization?

Higher population from higher amounts of food with productive agriculture

How did the legal protection of private property contribute to the Industrial Revolution in England?

Enabled entrepreneurs to take risks and build businesses without fearing for government taking what they worked for

How did accumulation of capital contribute to the Industrial Revolution in England?

British capitalists had generated a huge amount of capital, especially from the slave trade, They began to invest the capital into entrepreneurial opportunities

What is a factory?

A place where goods for sale are manufactured

How did the spinning jenny and water frame affect textile production?

combination of spinning jenny and water frame allowed machines to make textiles much faster than any human

What was Eli Whitney's idea for interchangeable parts?

The parts should be interchangeable between design of gun

What conditions were ideal for Industrialization in Britian?

Waterways for transport, No wars unlike other European countries, Resources: iron, coal, colonial

What was the First wave of Industrialization?

Belgium, France, Germany

What was the Second wave of Industrialization?

U.S., Japan, Russia

What delayed Industrialization in France?

Political turmoil- French revolution, Agricultural revolution delay, Enclosure movement (privatization of land) delayed

What delayed Industrialization in Germany?

Politically fragmented until 1871, Due to reformation and Napoleon

What fostered Industrialization in the U.S.?

At peace, no civil war/fighting/revolution, Lots of waterways, Rising capitalism, Gov’t protects banking and investment, similar to England, Its Human Capital (work force) was a key factor

What delayed Industrialization in Russia?

Delayed by imperial, out of touch rule, 1861: Alexander II abolished serfdom

What motivated Industrialization in Japan?

First country in Asia to industrialize, Motivated by self-preservation, Repel western influence (Christian missionaries, etc), Preserve values and traditions

What characterized the First Industrial Revolution?

Took place c. mid 18th century to c. mid 19th century, Technology: steam engine invented by James Watt

What characterized the Second Industrial Revolution?

Took place c. late 19th century to c. early 20th century, Led by U.S., U.K., Germany, Used and produced steel, gas power, and communications

What is the Bessemer Process?

Blasting hot iron with air to remove impurities and creating steel

What characterized Russia as an Industrial state?

Used to be an absolute monarch, Failed interactions

How did Russia launch Industrialization?

Russia launches industrialization, Directed by government, paid by foreign investments, Steel, coal, textiles

What was the Ottoman Empire known as?

Strong sword of Islam → the Sick man of Europe

What reforms occurred in the Ottoman Empire?

Military, schools, newspaper, Major textile factories

What led to the causes of Japanese Industrial Movement?

U.S. pushed for an open-door policy, In return, China had been forced to accept/buy opium

What were the Meiji Restoration reforms modeled after?

Modeled after Europe/U.S., Abolition of feudalism, Institution of constitution/individual rights, Expanded education and military

What were the consequences of the Meiji Restoration reforms?

Successful industrial economy, Elimination of unequal treaties

What economic shift occurred in states with the Industrial Revolution?

States that had long embraced the economic system of mercantilism abandoned it in favor of laissez-faire capitalism

What is a corporation?

Worked similar to joint-stock companies but introduced limited liability

What is Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking corporation?

Established by british, After the opium wars, british merchants flooded into China in order to establish trade , They needed a bank to finance their wares , Bank established branches in many nations including china and japan

What are labor unions?

A group of workers who organize themselves into a collective of workers using their combined voice for reform

How did franchise extend?

In Britain, only men who held land could vote, 1918, franchise extended to all men, and in 1928, franchise extended to women as well

What was the first law for Child Labor?

Law in U.S. made it illegal for children under 10 to work in coal mines, Around this time, laws for mandatory education were also passed

Why did John Stuart Mill criticize Capitalism?

Criticized capitalism because it was a selfish system, Everyone is out for their own benefit and that the factory owner’s self interest was causing a large amount of harm, Created idea of utilitarianism, an idea that every individual action should be carried out for the happiness of the whole rather than the individual

How did Karl Marx divide society?

Divided society into the Bourgeoisie, the factory owners and the Proletariat, the working class, Argued that the Bourgeoisie were prospering at the expense of the Proletariat , Saw capitalism as a system of trampling the working class , Wrote the Communist Manifesto arguing that the workers should own means of production and share wealth

What reforms did Sultan Mahmud II take?

Took power in 1808 and overhauled Ottoman state in respect to industrialization, Saw major reforms in the Ottoman society like the abolition of the feudal system, the building of an extensive network of roads, and the establishment of a postal service

What was Tanzimat reforms?

Program of reforms carried out by Mahmud’s sons , Updated Ottoman legal system to have equality for all before the law, Worked hard to root out long standing corruption in government , Created secular schools for children which was different from the previous ulama (islamic scholar) led schools

Why did Sultan Abdul Hamid rise to power?

Favored the reforms, but began to fear the radical reformers called the Young Turks, Exiled the group for wanting to overthrow him , Armenians in Ottoman Empire wanted reform too, but Hamid responded by persecuting and massacring them

How was the Self-Strengthening Movement similar to way Japan industrialized?

Similar to way Japan industrialized, in order to protect culture from Western encroachment

How did Industrialization cause Tenements to rise?

Factories realized workers needed a place to live so built tenements which were hastily constructed, poorly ventilated, and overcrowded homes

What type of diseases spread because of Industrialization?

Cholera was very common, coming from contaminated water, Resulted in severe vomiting, diarrhea, death

What kind of wealth did Industrialization provide?

Provided the class with more wealth to purchase consumer goods and gave better access to consumer goods and education, New kind of worker emerged, white collar workers, named for their suits working in office or management jobs , Top of social hierarchy were the industrialists, factory owners

What dignity did the the Cult of domesticity bestow?

Bestowed dignity upon women by saying their work at home was valuable for raising children, Taught that women’s main goal was to make the home a place to rest for working members of family

What movements began during the Industrialization period?

Movements for women’s suffrage and women’s rights began in this period

What were the Environmental effects of Industrialization?

Fossil fuels were main sources of energy of industrialization, Smog arose from the smoke and fog that arose from industrialization , Caused respiratory issues for inhabitants of cities, Water supply was polluted by human waste, Spreaded bacterial diseases

How did development and exploration change with Industrialization?

Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph greatly facilitated exploration, development

How did the Enlightenment Philosophies help redefine the understanding of the world?

Enlightenment philosophies redefined understandings of the natural world by emphasizing power of reason and observation for understanding

How did Enlightenment Diffuse?

Newspapers and journals spread their ideas further as well as growth of education, literacy, mass media