From cell to mitochondria

Types of organisms based on number of cells

Multicellular and unicellular

examples of multi and unicellular organisms

* Multicellular organisms:
* Humans
* Dogs
* Trees
* Mushrooms
* Birds
* Unicellular organisms:
* Bacteria
* Protozoa
* Yeast
* Amoeba
* Paramecium

Capabilities of unicellular organisms

1) independent existence

2) performing essential functions of life

The basic unit of life that makes up all living organisms. It contains genetic material and organelles, and is surrounded by a cell membrane that regulates the movement of substances in and out of the _______.

Cell

Who discovered a dead cell from a thin slice of cork

Robert hooke

The first person to observe living cells

Anton von leeuwenhook

Who proposed cell theory

Schleiden and Schwann

Who stated that All cells arise from pre-existing cells

Rudolf Virchow

Cell lineage theory

Omnis cellula-e-cellulae

exception of cell theory

Viruses-

1) acellular

2) made of nucleic acid and proties

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Mature human RBC

N.M is absent In

Prokaryotic cell

N.M is present in

Eukaryotic cell

Type of DNA in Prokaryots

Circular double stranded DNA = 1 Chromosome

Other name for Circular ds DNA

Nucleoid, Genophore, Chromosomal material

Type of DNA in Eukaryotic cells

Linear double stranded DNA

Main site of cellular activities

Cytoplasm

Delimiting structure of animal cell

Plasma membrane

Compartmentalization of cell wall is due to

Cell organelles

Universal cell organelle ( protein factory of a cell )

Ribosomes

The outermost layer of a prokaryotic cell comprising a coating of mucous or polysccherides macro molecules which protect the cell

glycocalyx

Gram staining was developed by

Christian Gram

What is found in gram positive bacteria

Mesosome

Contains pigments in photosynthetic bacteria such as photosynthetic bactria

Chromatophores

_____ store reserve food

Inclusion bodies

examples of Inclusion bodies

Cyanophycean, glycogen, phosphate granules ( CGP )

What does surrounded by non-unit membrane mean

surrounded by proteins

_______ Provide bouyancy in blue green algae and purple green Bacteria

Gas Vacuoles

Long whip like structures extendind from the cell wall, that help in movement

Flagella

Flagella is made up of which protein

Flagellin

Parts of flagella

Basal body

Hook

filament

Long tubuar structure that form conjugation tubes , mostly found in gram negtaive bacteria

Pilli

Pilli is made of which protein

pilin

Place where bacteria live

Substratum

Small, bristle like structures, that hel bacteria attach to substratum and host tissue

Fimbiae

Plasmids control

Bacterial transformation

Flagella in eukaryotic cell is made of

Tubrelin

Which cells have and do not have plasma membrane

living cells- Have

Non living cells- Do not

Why is plasma membrane also known as unit membrane

since P.M is present in all cells

What is the Structure of plasma membrane described as

Fluid mosiac model

Fluid Mosiac model

Singer and Nicolson (1972)

Constituents of the plasma membrane

Lipid Bilayer and proteins

What is the nature of plasma membrane

Quasifluid nature due to lipids

Movement done by lipids in the PM during transport

flip flop movement

Which acid is present in lipids

Sialic acid

types of proteins in PM

Based on extraction-

1) Integral proteins/intrinsic

2) Preipheral proteinsw/extrinsic

An example on Intrinsic proteins

Transmembrane/tunnel proteins

Why do proteins not show flip flop movement

due to their large size

Carbohydrate in PM

Hexose and fructose

Functions of PM

Form intercellular junctions, cell division, cell growth, secretion oand endocytosis

Which property of PM allows it to perform its various functions

Fluidity

Types of transportation in PM

Passive and active

Passive transportation

Atp is not used

Low to high conc

Simple diffusion and Water osmosis

Active transportation

Atp is used

High to Low

Na+ - K+ pump

Osmoregulation

transport of ions

Bulk transport

Pinocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis

\

endocytosis

Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

cell drinking

Phagocytosis

Cell eating

Exocytosis

Ephagy, cell vomiting

Outermost layer in plant cell

Cell wall

Fungal cell wall is made of

Chitin

polymer of N-Acetyl Glucosamine (NAG)

Algal cell wall is made of

Cellulose, galatans, mannans, CaCo3

Plant cell wall is made of

Cellulose, hemi-cellulose, pectins, proteins

Layers of cell wall

1. Middle lamellum
2. Primary cell wall
3. Secondary cell wall

Outermost layer of cell wall

Middle lamellum

Middle lamellum is formed from

Cell plate or fragmoplast

What is middle lamellum made of

Calcium and magnesium pectate (cementing substance)

Function of middle lamellum

Joins adjacent cells

Role of pectate in fruits

the pectate dissolves and makes fruits soft during ripening

Primary cell wall

thin single layer formed inner to middle lamellum

which cells have only primary cell wall

Meristematic and Parenchyma cells

Third layer of cell wall

Secondary cell wall

Function of Secondary cell wall

Deposits lignin and suberin

What happens after deposition of lignin and suberin

The primary cell wall gets dimnished due to being crushed

Plasmodesmata

Cytoplasic connection between two adjacent cells

derived structure of the plasmodesmata that connects the endoplasmic reticulum of two adjacent plant cells

Desmotubule

Pits

The cell wall is not uniform in thickness and in some places the secondary cell wall is not laid down

Types of pits

* Simple pit
* Bordered pit

Simple pit

uniform diameter

Bordered pit

flask shaped and non-uniform in diameter

Functions of cell wall

1. Provides shape
2. Protection against pathogens
3. Protection against mechanical energy
4. Allows cell to cell interaction

Endomembrane system

Cell organelles whose structures and functions are coordinated

Which cells have endomembrane system

Eukaryotic cells

An endomembrane system example

ER→Golgi body→Lysosomes→Vacuoles

organnelles of the endomembrane system are

Single membrane

Intercovertible

Who discovered ER

Porter

ER is the connecting link between

* Nuclear and plasma membrane
* Continuation of outer NM

Luminal compartment

Space inside the ER

Extra luminal compartment

Space outside the ER (cytoplasm)

RER consists of

* Cisternae
* Ribosomes

SER consists of

* Tublues nad vesicles
* Does not have ribosomes

Ribosomes in RER

60s

Ribosomes in SER

40s

Functions of RER

* Protein synthesis
* Give rise to SER
* Synthesize precursor enzymes of lysosomes

Functions of SER

* Lipid and steroid synthesis
* Detoxification of drugs
* Uptake of Ca2+ (use of ATP)

Golgi bodies were discovered by

Cammilo golgi

Golgi is absent in

Human RBC, sieve tubes , prokaryotic cells

Function of Golgi body (5)

* Processing, packaging, transport (PPT)
* Cell plate formation
* Cell wall formation
* PM formation
* Lysosome formation

Glycosidation (function of Golgi)

Glycogen + lipids → Glycolipids

Glycosilation

Glycogen + Proteins →Glycoproteins