APES Mining and Energy Types Quizlet

12%

What percentage of the earths crust has precious metals?

crustal abundance

the average concentration of an element in the earth's crust

ore

concentration of precious metals or minerals to be extracted from the earths crust

formed when magma touches water or the deposition of igneous rock

how are ores formed

the more energy needed and physical disturbance

what happens as the concentration and accessibility of minerals decrease?

reserve

known quantity of a resource that can be economically recovered

strip mining

the removal of strips of soil and rock to expose ore

mine tailing

unwanted waste material created during mining

placer mining

looking for minerals, metals, and precious stones in rivers

subsurface mining

Mining techniques used when the desired resource is more than 100 m (328 feet) below the surface of Earth.

methane gas

what gas is released during coal mining

organic material is quickly buried before being exposed to air for too long; occurs in warm wet climates

how are fossil fuels produced?

Ocean phytoplankton are compressed by eroded deposited rock over millions of year; temperatures are 100C or below

how is crude oil produced?

Easy to extract through surface mining, easy to move, needs little refining

what are pros of coal?

surface reserves are being used up, forcing people to resort to subsurface mining which is more damaging; releases impurities into the air when burned; storing ash (burnt coal) can be difficult

what are cons of coal?

easy to transport, energy dense, cleaner burning than coal (15% less Co2 emitted when burned than coal)

what are pros of oil?

releases arsenic, coal, and sulfur when burned; transportation causes oil spills and hurts wildlife, boats and airplanes leak oil nearby

what are cons of oil?

easy to use and accessable; less impurities than oil and natural gas (40% less Co2 emitted than coal)

what are pros of natural gas?

methane is released during extraction

what are cons of natural gas?

peat

partially decomposed organic material that can be used for energy; first stage of coal transformation

peat, ligmite, bituminous, anthracite (peter loves buttered artichokes)

what are the 4 stages of coal formation?

spoils/overburden

The overlying material that is removed during mining in order to gain access to the ore within the mineral material below.

slag

the residue of metal left after smelting; worthless matter

acid mine drainage

Pollution caused when sulfuric acid and dangerous dissolved materials such as lead, arsenic, and cadmium wash from coal and metal mines into nearby lakes and streams.

crude oil

unrefined petroleum

lots of water wasted; Leaks and spills of chemicals in fracking fluid and methane; disturbs nearby land

what is a con of fracking?

tar sands

sand or sandstone naturally impregnated with petroleum

destructive; production emits three times more pollution for the same quantity as crude oil

what are cons of tar sands?

same way as oil, but in temperatures above 100C

how is natural gas formed?

cogeneration

one energy source producing two different types of electricty