AGR 410 practical- SOPs

Leukopenia is due to

viral infection

leukocytosis is due to

bacterial infection

lymphocytosis is due to

excitement, vaccines, bacterial infections

lymphocytopenia is due to

viral infection, steroids, stress leukogram

monocytopenia is due to

acute infection, cancer

Monocytosis causes

chronic infection, inflammation

neutrophilia is due to

bacterial infections, inflammation, stress leukogram

Neutropenia causes

viral infection, bone marrow problems

eosinophilia is due to

allergies, parasites

Eosinopenia and basopenia are

not signification

basophilia is due to

inflammation, infections

Increase of RBC, HGB, and HCT can be due to

dehydration

thrombocytosis is due to

bone marrow problems and infections

acanthocyte

irregular projections from a cell

Echinocytes (burr cells)

numerous, regular, uniform short projections that cover the entire cell

blister cell

large bubble on the edge of the cell

keratocytes

blister splits, has two projections

Apple stem cell

blister splits leaving one projection

Schistocytes

RBC fragments

Spherocytes

very small, dense erythrocytes with no central pallor

- indicates IMHA

- only identified in dogs

Eccentrocytes

central pallor is pushed to one side

- usually seen with Heinz bodies

Ghost cells

Elliptocyte

leptocytes

-includes stomatocytes, codocytes, and target cells

stomatocyte

- folded cell

- found in hereditary disorders

Torocyte

Dacrocyte

Howell-Jolly bodies

Heinz bodies

basophilic stippling

mycoplasma hemofelis

appear as tiny dogs in pairs, chains in the cell

babesia spp

appears in piroplasmas in signet ring

anaplasma marginale

cytauxzoon relis

HGB estimate

PCV/3

Erythrocyte estimate

PCV/6

MCV

PCVX10/RBC count= fl

MCHC

HGBx100/ PCV= g/dl

MCH

HGBx10/RBC count= pg

What test is used to evaluate immature RBC, parasites, and NRBC

NMB

% reticulocytes

# counted/1000 x 100

% corrected reticulocyte count

%retic x PCV/ 37 for cat or 45 for dog

Absolute reticulocyte count

% reticulocytes x RBC count

What needs labeled on a blood smear?

animals name, species, date, initials, lab section

What stain do we use to stain blood smears?

Patterson quick stain

1st stain in our blood smear stain:

fixative: methanol

2nd stain in blood smear:

eosin

3rd stain in blood smear:

counterstain:thiazine

A purple top tube holds how many mls?

0.5-1 ml

Lasercyte reagents

CBC5 R gray top ( contains NMB)

sheath reagent (protects cells from damage)

Enxymatic wash- yellow top

waste contains

A lasercyte uses what to complete cell counts?

laser optics and flow cytometry

WBC estimate

average of 10 fields on 40x X 2,000

Absolute cell counts=

% in decimal form x automated WBC count

platelet estimate=

average of 10 fields on 100x X 20,000

used to test clotting factors:

ACT

ACT test tube contains what?

diatomaceous earth

How much blood does a ACT test tube hold?

3ml

counting procedure used for erythrocyte and leukocyte counts of non mammalian species

Natt and Herricks

Whole blood needs collected in what for Natt and Herricks?

heparin

which boxes are counted when doing a WBC estimate on a Natt and Herricks

all 9 X 200 on 10x

which boxes are counted when doing a PLT estimates on a Natt and Herricks?

center primary square X 2,000 on 40x

When counting RBC which squares are counted on a Natt and Herricks?

four corner squares X 10,000 on 40x

When doing fish counts on a Natt and Herricks, which squares are counted for WBC AND PLT?

four large squares X 250

How many micrometers of blood are used for Natt and Herricks?

10

How many mls of solution are used for Natt and Herricks?

2

How many micrometers of blood are used for Pholoxine B?

25

what test is performed when an animal is receiving a blood transfusion to determine if erythrocyte antigens are present

?

cross match

dogs have how many blood types?

8

cats have how many blood types?

3

horses have how many blood types?

7

cattle have how many blood types?

11

what kind of saline is used in a cross match?

phosphate buffered

what tubes are used in a cross match?

EDTA, 5 ml snap cap tubes, microsediment tubes

donor control

donor cells plus donor plasma

major X match

donor cells plus recipient plasma

recipient control

recipient cells plus recipient plasma

minor X match

recipient cells plus donor plasma

in a cross match procedure, animals other than cats and dogs sample needs evaluated for:

hemolysis

what needs done to equine samples in a cross match procedure?

wash process to reduce rouleaux

test used to determine coagulation ability (factor 1) and commonly used as an indicator of inflammation, especially in large animals

fibrinogen

What capillary tubes are required and how many for a manual fibrinogen?

4- blue capillary (if already mixed with EDTA or heparin)

what is the time and temperature needed for the water bath for the manual fibrinogen count?

3-5 minutes set at 56-59 degrees Celsius

Smear commonly performed with secretions of the lungs, liver, spleen, and LN

imprint/impression

samples need collected In what tube when doing a fluid sample cytology?

EDTA

exudates are associated with what in a cytology?

inflammation

transudates are associated with what in a cytology?

increased production of serous fluids

what size needles and syringe is needed to collect a fluid sample?

3-12cc with 25-22 gauge needle

smear that consist of placing a drop of fluid on the slide and touching another slide face down to the sample and lifting int

- best method for fluid samples

squash/line over line

evaluate parasites, fungus, and crystals on what objective when looking at a cytology?

10x

Non-cornified cells

basal, parabasal epithelial cells, intermediate epithelial cells

cornfield cells

superficial epithelial cells and nuclear epithelial cells

Things to look for in an ear cytology

- WBC

- RBC

- keratinocytes

- bacterial

- melanin granules

- cerumen

- malassexia pachydermatis (yeast)

What species is being described?

- anisocytosis is norma

-minimal central pallor

bovine

what species is being described?

- central pallor

-largest RBC

canine

what species is being described?

-thin, elliptical

- no central pallor

-anisocytosis

camelids

what species is being described?

- no central pallor

- anisocytosis and poikilocytosis is common

- elliptocytes in young animals

- triangular shaped RBC

goats

what species is being described?

-no central pallor

- rouleaux

Horses

what species is being described?

- slightl central pallor

- rouleaux

- crenation

- mild anisocytosis

- Howell jolly bodies common

feline

Leucocytozoon spp.

Plasmodium spp.