Anthro 2 Midterm 2 (copy)

Jing et. al.

1.) In China, the transition from hunting and gathering to rice agriculture started around 10,000 BP, followed by additional crops like millet, wheat, as well as sheep and pig

2.) The 4.2k event was a cooling period of a short duration; its effect was continued agricultural development and diversification, and the Bronze age in the central plains

3.) “Big Data” approach of sites

4.) Diversification and intensification compensated for changing climate conditions 5

5.) Diversity of foodways supported growth of complex societies including the Qin Empire starting 221 BCE

Dermody et. al.

1.) The Etruscans were a strong political and economic group from the 8th-6th centuries BCE right where the Romans would later dominate

2.) The Romans utilized many strategies of imperial conquest and administration, including conquest, pardon, resettlement, and cultural and religious integration

3.) Discussion of food to support cities, states, and empires should take into account water as a limiting resource

4.) The article uses a newly developed paradigm for understanding trade in food, identified as “virtual water”

Mackinnon

1.) Humans engage with both wild and domesticated animals in a variety of ways

2.) Urban centers grow within a natural environment that continues to influence daily life

3.) While urban growth negatively impacts some animals, some specific of animals make their home in cities preferentially

4.) In the Roman world, animals were a source of food, ideology, wisdom, entertainment, and ritual

5.) This article illustrated many situations of animals in the Roman world 500 BC-500 AD: As food, pets, and commensals

Dobson et. al.

1.) Radiocarbon dating reports with a plus/minus factor and are often calibrated against other dating techniques such as tree rings

2.) Migrations are the result of both push factors (including climate change or social competition) and pull factors (new opportunities to which migrants move)

3.) Earliest occupation in Australia was by Homo Sapiens 50,000 ya and would have required boats

4.) Earliest occupation of Tasmania was 35,000 ya but New Zealand was only occupied starting around 800 ya

5.) Siberia is occupied by 48,000 ya; Beringia and multiple islands in the archipelago by 30,000 ya; earliest humans (homo sapiens) in North America by 18,000 ya

Vernon et. al.

1.) Margins and migration are intertwined, when migrants make use of challenging environments? When do locals make use of challenging environments?

2.) Corn (maize) was first domesticated around 4300 BCE in Mexico, adopted widely in North and South America

3.) Fremont people of Utah and Arizona constituted a distinctive cultural and environmental group living on the margins of viable agriculture 2000-700 BP (0-1300 CE)

4.) People valued maize so much that it was up to 75-80% of the diet

5.) This article used geographic information systems (GIS) to evaluate the place where maize could be grown

6.) Climate change of 1000 CE was good for the Fremont people (more area to farm, more snow melt) but drought in 1300 CE meant that the Fremont eventually could eventually no longer use the environment even with labor inputs

7.) Compare this site to Cahokia (Illinois) where leaders took advantage of climate stress of 1000 CE to double down on production and the creation of monuments

Hard et. al.

1.) Flora and fauna studies provide information on domestication and use

2.) North and South America plant include maize, beans, squash, Chenopodium, amaranth

3.) At Cerra Juanaquena, this article identifies the long-term use of terraces for growing maize, which was occupied from 1350-100 BCE, abandoned (at the time of arid climate), and reoccupied from 400 BCE to 1 CE

3.) The concept of landesque capital

4.) Elsewhere in Mexico and central America, people constructed ballcourts and began to centralize into cities, as seen in the Maya region

5.) The concept of resilience: sometimes managed through migration, or intensification

Carballo and Robb

1.) Corn was first domesticated 4300 BCE, small villages 2000 BCE, city of Teotihuacan 300-700 BCE

2.) By the time the Aztecs became a distinct cultural group around 1150 CE, Teotihuacan was already “old” and abandoned

3.) Aztecs built a new capital in Tenochtitlan

4.) November 8th, 2024 was the 505th anniversary of the entry of the Spanish into the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, which they conquered, destroyed, and rebuild as Ciudad de Mexico (Mexico City)

Fisher

1.) Mesoamerica (Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador) is an area of environmental diversity, but no large rivers or large domestic animals

2.) During the Holocene, people actively transitioned from being hunter gatherers to farming (gourds, maize, squash, beans, amaranth, Chenopodium)

3.) Time period 300- 250 BCE at Tzacauil had 3 phases of construction, all of which involved racks taken from field to make boundaries, platforms and make more field space

4.) The author discussed how TEK (Traditional Ecological Knowledge) of landscape use can show the incremental effects of human-environmental dynamics

What is Subsistence?

Making a living

What is Persistence?

Resilience, adoptability

What is resilience?

taking a risk, particularly in an uncertain arena restoring equilibrium to differing circumstances

What is true about resilience?

A new normal is made

How is the Neolithic period characterized?

basic farming, villages, sedentism, polished stone tools

When is the Neolithic time period?

Starts and ends at different times in different places

When does the Neolithic period end?

When the Bronze age starts

When is the Neolithic to Bronze Age period in China?

9000 ya to 3800 ya

When is the pre transition period (before the Neolithic ends)?

5500-4200 ya/bp

When is the transition period (Neolithic to Bronze Age)?

4200-3200 ya/bp

What happened during the Neolithic-Bronze age transition period in China?

the addition of rice and soy

What climate change influenced Jing et al?

4.2k event (4200 ya)

When was the 4.2k event?

during the Holocene, temperature decreased

What research methods does Jing et al use?

Paleobotany, Zooarcheology, isotopic studies of human and animal bones, big data, phytoliths (rice)

What happens when people face climate change?

new crops, diversified agricultural practices and resources, opportunities for field rotation between millet, wheat, soy, and rice, increased yields while diversifying risk

What was the result of the 4.2k event?

central plains societies did not collapse, but continued to agriculturally develop and diversify, but also allowed for bronze age

What happens after the initial period of settlement in the Central plains?

beginning of larger settlements starting 4200 ya, bronze by 3500 ya, writing starts 3400 ya

What did the Qin Empire implement?

financing labor by using unfree labor, tax on crops, monitoring fiscal agents, (fiscal intensification)

What happened in 10000 BP?

The transition from hunting and gathering to rice agriculture in China

What happened after 10,000 BP?

additional crops like millet, wheat, and animals like pigs and sheep

What supported growth of complex societies?

Diversity of foodways, like in the Qin Empire starting 221 BCE

What happened to most Chinese Cultures between the Neolithic and Bronze Age?

died or declined

What characterized the Mediterranean during the Roman Empire?

traveling in boats, food based of olive oil, bread, grapes, wine, and the land is always changing

When do sea levels rise and the island shrinks during the Roman Empire?

8000 ya to 2500 ya

What happened to the port near Rome?

lots of new land in the last 2000 ya by dumping sediments

How can we see evidence of the Roman world today?

Romanesque architecture and times new roman font

What populations were in the Mediterranean during the 8th to 6th centuries?

Phoenicians (Iberia), and Etruscans and Greeks (modern Italy)

How did the Roman Empire grow?

go to greeks in south Italy, go to spain for resources, go to Tunisia and Greece, consolidate roman empire, go to Britain and turkey, go to Egypt, and bring the whole empire under a single system

When did the Romans go to Greeks in South Italy?

292 BCE

When did the Romans go to Spain for tin and resources?

200 BCE

When did the Romans go to Tunisia and Greece?

146 BCE

When was the Roman Empire consolidated?

133 BCE

When did the Romans go to Britain and Turkey?

90 BCE

When did the Romans go to Egypt?

31 BCE

When did Romans bring power under one system?

106 AD

What was traded in the Roman Empire?

pottery, currency, cultural cohesion

How was cultural cohesion in the Roman Empire?

The conquered wanted to be Roman, like Architecture

What were cultural links throughout the Roman Empire?

collosseum, aqueducts, statues, poems

How did Romans manage resources?

Local water management, bringing in grain grown in other regions of the Roman Empire, and using surface water

What are examples of local water management in the Roman Empire?

dams, canals, aqueducts close to rome

What is Virtual water?

using water to make food in other areas and provide irrigation

How did Vitual water help the Roman Empire?

Increased resilience in the face of interannual climate variability

How did Virtual water hurt the Roman Empire in the long term?

Decreased resilience and increased import costs due to expanding water resources to their limit

How did Dermody et. al. model Roman resource management?

estimated 200 kg/grain/person/yr., accounted for water loss through evaporation depending on climate, rainfall and temperature, ratio of rainfed vs. irrigated crops, estimated labor time required, calculated travel time

What were assumptions in Dermody et. al.?

climate and rainfall rates did not change, used 20th century data as proxy but noted at Roman period was unsually warm, fields were continually cropped for 2 years, followed by a fallow (rest) period of 1 year, land quality was based on slope, model only looked at cereal crops (wheat), emphasis on water transport

What was the conclusion for Dermody et. al.?

as demand increases, vitual water poor node must import further away in network, the heterogeneity of the Mediterranean environment provided Romans with resilience to interannual climate variability, and virtual water redistribution allowed for resources to go from water rich areas to water poor areas

Who were the Etruscans?

a political and economic group during the 8th to 6th centuries BCE where the Romans would later dominate

What strategies did the Romans use of imperial conquest and administration?

Conquest, pardon, resettlement, cultural and religious integration

Why was water seen as a limiting resource?

discussions of food to support cities, states, and empires should take it into account

Who are ecosystem engineers?

Animals (beavers that build dams and worms that keep soil healthy)

What is an example of place making in Mackinnon?

Making a mound to claim territory

What is ethnography?

the study of culture (people and animals)

What is animal-human mutualism?

both of them working together to help both

What is an example of animal-human mutualism?

farming in India using animals (traditional technology), farmers use animals help with farming, animals get fed

What do we see happen to animals in Jinsitai Wang et al)?

focus on smaller animals (like pigs) as larger animals go extinct (wooly rhino)

What happened to plants over time?

the opposite of animals, they became larger as they evolved

What did Schroeder and White say?

humans and nature are well intertwined today

What are Feral animals?

domesticated animals that reverted their behavior

What are examples of human-animal conflict?

pigeons in France, beavers in Canada, bears in parking lots and playgrounds

What is an example of contemporary animals in the Mediterranian?

Aesop’s fable- stories with animals that show lessons like working hard, Town Mouse and Country mouse (be happier with peace and less)

How many commodity animals were in Rome?

60000 pigs, 2000 sheep and goat, 7500 cattle

What happens to Mediterranean urban centers in Mackinnon?

they continue to grow within a natural environment that continues to influence daily life

What various roles did animals serve in the Roman world?

source of food, ideology, wisdom, entertainment, and ritual

What time period does Mackinnon cover during the Roman Empire?

500 BC to 500 AD (1000 years)

How were commodity animals different in urban centers compared to rural areas?

animals in urban cities were smaller, younger, and more homogenized, while in rural areas, they were older and less profitable

How did Dogs come to be in the Roman Empire?

bred out of demand from elites, used as status symbols

How did commensals live in Roman urban centers?

not very dependent on humans, lived in homes

How did commensals increase in Rome?

increased as urbanization increased through expansion and colonization

What was the downside of growing commensals?

traveled on boats, leading to the spread of diseases like the plague and malaria

What are commensals?

Animals that are around but not necessarily wanted

What are commodities?

animals eaten for consumption

Is radiocarbon dating exact?

no, it uses plus minus factor of 35 to 50 years to identify a specimen

Why is radiocarbon dating not exact?

solar radiation influences c14 variation

What can Tree Rings be used for?

check c14 dating against them

How do Tree Rings show time?

show 1 ring of growth per year

What dating is more exact than radiocarbon dating?

Tree rings

What are push factors for migration?

climate change, social competition

What are pull factors for migration?

new opportunities

When was the earliest occupation in Australia by Homo Sapiens?

50000 ya, would have needed boats

When was the earliest occupation of Tasmania"?

35000 ya

When was the earliest occupation of New Zealand?

800 ya (one of the last occupied lands)

When was Siberia occupied?

by 48000 ya

When is Beringia and other islands in the archipelago occupied?

30000 ya

When are Homo Sapiens in North America by?

18,000 ya, using hunting/farming/gathering subsistence strategy

When happens when humans show up to places?

they hunt, causing animals to go extinct

What happens to animals as climate change happens?

natural selection occurs (like animals that reproduce slowly die out), causing them to go extinct

What influences animal extinction?

human activity and climate change

What happened to North American megafauna?

disappeared around 10000 ya

What are types of North American megafauna?

giant beaver, megadon

What are implications of North American Megafauna extinction?

extinction, along with people hunting and migrating, are long processes. and influences of climate, vegetation, and human activities need to be researched

What does the Dobson et. al. article tell you about?

many hypotheses give reasoning to how people traveled across Beringia, however not all hypotheses are viable