metabolism

Define metabolism.

Metabolism is the chemical processes that sustain a living organism

Explain the role of ATP in anabolism and catabolism.

It provides energy for these processes by transferring a phosphate group. Catabolism produces ATP by releasing energy, anabolism builds up molecules with ATP as source.

Describe oxidation-reduction reactions.

Oxidation is molecule lose electron

Reduction is molecule gain electron

When electron is transferred, that molecule gains energy

What are NAD and FAD? How do they contribute to metabolism?

NAD and FAD carry electrons. Become NADH and FADH2. Coenzymes

Which of the four processes of cell respiration produces the most ATP?

Electron transport chain produces the most ATP, about 34

For each glucose molecule that undergoes glycolysis, how many ATP molecules are generated?

Glycolysis produces 4 ATP but needs 2 to start

In which part of the cell does glycolysis occur?

Cytoplasm

When in cellular respiration is carbon dioxide given off? What happens to this gas?

CO2 is given off during Krebs cycle, it is transferred to lungs and exhaled

Why is the production of reduced coenzymes important in the Krebs cycle?

NADH and FADH2 are reduced coenzumes that carry high energy electron to electron transport chain. Oxidative phosphorylation

What is the energy source that powers the proton pumps of the electron transport chain?

Redox reactions from NADH and FADH2 power ATP synthase

Where in mitochondria is the concentration of H+ highest?

Inner mitochondrial membrane

How does H+ concentration allow for ATP to be produced?

H+ goes from high to low concentration and passes through ATP synthase, which produces energy for ATP to be made.

Under what circumstances do glycogenesis and glycogenolysis occur?

Glycogenesis is glucose → glycogen, high glucose level

Glycogenolysis glycogen → glucose, low blood sugar, glucagon activate

What is gluconeogenesis, and why is it important?

It is when protein or fat is converted to glucose. Necessary when glucose supply is ow. Glycerol from fat is used or amino acids.

Which lipoprotein particles contain “good” and “bad” cholesterol, and why are these terms used?

LDL is bad, transfer cholesterol to blood vessels, cause thinning

HDL is good, remove cholesterol from blood and bring to liver

Where are triglycerides stored in the body?

ADipose tissue

What are ketone body

byproduct of fat metabolism from liver, used when glucose low

What is deamination

removal of amino group from amino acid, occur when there is excess protein

What are the possible fates of the amino acids from protein catabolism?

Enter body cell by active transport

Synthesized into proteins function as enzymes, antibodies, transport molecule, energy

Oxdized into urea after broken down

How are essential and nonessential amino acids different?

Essential amino acids cannot be produced by the body and must be obtained from the diet, while nonessential amino acids can be synthesized by the body

What are macronutrients and micronutrients? Give examples of each.

macro - large amount needed for body tissue

carb fat protein

micro- lower amount for bodily function

vitamin mineral