APUSH Period 1 vocab

Adena-Hopewell

a civilization in the American middle westknown for its burial mounds and earthworks. They thrived from 1000 BCE to 500 CE and were part of a larger trade network.

Algonquian

tribe from north america, speak algonquian languages

Anasazi and Pueblo

tribes in the southwest, culture based on farming and irrigation systems with permanent buildings. also cliff dwellings.

Aztec

(Mexica) powerful empire in central Mexico. forced defeated peoples to provide tribute and labor as a tax

Bartolome de las Casas

first bishop of Chiapas in southern Mexico. protected Amerindian peoples from exploitation. created New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.

Casta System ***

A system in colonial Spain of determining a persons social importance according to different racial catergories

Columbian Exchange ***

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Conquistadores

early 16th century Spanish explorers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru

Encomienda System ***

a kind of feudalism granting Spanish colonists control of conquered lands and obliging the Indians to provide forced labor and a fixed portions of their harvests

Ferdinand and Isabella

During the late 15th century, they became King and Queen of a united Spain after centuries of Islamic domination. Together, they made Spain a strong Christian nation and also provided funding to overseas exploration, notably Christopher Columbus.

Geographic Determinism ***

The idea that a people’s lifestyle and culture will be affected by interactions with the surrounding geogrpahy and climate

Henry Hudson

english explorer who explored for the dutch. claimed the Hudson River around present NY and called it New Netherland

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the aztecs and conquered Mexico

Iroquois Confederation ***

alliance of five Northeastern Ameridian peoples that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues thru a council of representatives. allied first with the dutch and later with the English with whom it was more successful

John Cabot

italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498)

Juan Gines de Sepulveda

in the Valladolid Debate, this Spaniard argued that the American Indians were less than human (yikes)

Lakota Sioux

American Indian tribe that started using horses in the 17th century, which allowed them to change from farming to nomadic buffalo hunting

Maize

An early form of corn grown by Native Americans

Maroon Communities ***

African refugees who had escaped slavery in the Americas and developed their own communities in Brazil and the Caribbean.

Missions

Religious settlements run by Catholic priests and friars

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Pueblo Indians ***

lived in the Southwestern US. built extensive irrigation systems to water their primary crop, which was corn. Their houses were multi-stories buildings made of adobe

Samuel de Champlain

french explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec

Treaty of Tordesillas

a 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal

Triangular Trade ***

a three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent raw materials to Europe and Europe sent guns and rum to Africa

Valladolid Debate

Concerned the treatment of natives in the New World. It concerned two main attitudes towards the conquest of the Americas. Bartolome de las Casa argued Amerindians were creations of God and deserved the same treatment as Christian Europenas. Juan Gines de Sepulveda thought that the nstives should be slaves because of their crimes against nature and against God