Final Exam 3 for Philosophy

Ethics

Moral philosophy

Meta ethics

Examines nature, origin and meaning of ethical concepts

Relativism

View that truths, moral values or knowledge are not absolute or universal

Absolutism

Certain principles, truths or moral laws are absolute, universal or unchanging

Deontology

Judges the mortality of an action based on rules, duties, and obligations rather than consequences of the action

Consequentialism

Action is right if it produces good results

Virtue Ethics

They realization that the golden mean is not simply an arithmetical issue

Justice

Moral principle of fairness, equality and giving people what they are rightfully due

Thrasymachus

One protagonist in Plato‘s major work republic. He informed us that justice is an advantage of the stronger

The Good

Ultimate objects of desire, highest moral value or the supreme standard by which we measure what is worth pursuing in life

The Ring of Gyges

Story used by Plato in the Republic to explore a foundational question in ethics

Plato’s City

Or called Kallipolis. A utopian city, ideal society mapped out by Plato in the Republic

3 parts of the soul

Reason, spirit and appetite

Egoism

Motivation according to which the motive behind all acts is self interest or ought to be self interest

Hobbes

Law and order philosopher. Believed even a tyrannical government is better than Ethan no government at all. Without an absolute ruler to enforce order, human nature will inevitably tear society apart

Altruism

Moral principle or practice of unselfish concern for the happiness and wellbeing of others

Hedonism

Pleasure is the ultimate good and the ultimate goal of human nature

Falsifiability

The principle that any theory or claim can be considered scientifically valid. Must be capable of being proven false by empirical evidence or observation

Utilitarianism

The moral and social philosophy of Bentham and Mill. Has value of any action or legislation can come from principle of utility

Calculus of Felicity

An algorithm created by utilitarian philosopher Bentham

Bentham

Ultimate consequentialist. Your motives or intentions do not matter, only the consequences of your actions count

J.S. Mill

Focuses on the quality of pleasure and individual rights

Quality of pleasure

Idea that some types of pleasure are inherently superior, more valuable and more dignified than others, regardless of how much pure physical sensation they produce

Swinish pleasure

Used to mock early utilitarianism, arguing that it was a philosophy fit for only pigs

Problem of justice and meritoriousness

Conflict in political and moral philosophy

Categorical imperative

Name by Kant to a purported moral law

Kant

A German enlightenment philosopher, revolutionized western thought. in epistemology he bridged rationalism and empiricalism by arguing that the human mind. actively organizes raw sincere data using hardwired concepts like space in time separating reality into phenomenal world and a new medical world and ethics he founded deontology in the world that passed categorical imperative

Kant’s 3rd formulation

States that moral action must be something a radical person would legislate for an ideal utopian community emphasizes that morality must be anonymous rather than forced by outside authority and it requires us to act as if we are equal citizens in a community where everyone treats each other as in themselves, never as a tool

contractualism

Ethical theory to which morally right behavior and obligation should be determined by hypothetical contract in which parties agree to accept certain standards as reasonable

Existentialism

Sartre that existentialists are those who believe that “existence precedes essence”

Sartre

French Philosopher who pioneer atheistic, externalism, core principle existence proceeds essence assert that humans are born without any hurt purpose or nature, and must construct their own identity through action argued that we are condemned to be free carrying total responsibility for our lives and characterize bad faith as the active self deception where individuals pretend they lack choices to escape the anxiety of their absolute freedom

Naturalistic Fallacy

The logical mistake of trying to find the moral concept of good using natural physical or psychological facts

Logical Positivism

School of philosophy that boomed between two world wars. Only cognitively meaningful utterances are those of science. All others can be shown to be expressions of emotions or nonsense

Ayer

Analytical philosopher, publicized, logical positivism, and his book language truth and logic he campaign the verification principal, led him to reject religion and metaphysics as literal nonsense and pioneer emotivism

Feminism

Sociopolitical theory and practice defending women’s dignity and rights against male chauvinism and male dominated power structures that have denied legal and social equality to women and have demeaned, marginalized and constricted women through out history

The Case of Sam

Hypothetical scenario, use an ethics to expose a major flaw and strict act-utilitarianism

Seven Tenets of Feminist ethics

Criticizing androcentrism, ethics of care, relational autonomy, intersectionality, rejects abstract objectivity, centralizing the voices of the marginalized, commitment to social change and justice

Deep Ecology

Development within ecology movement decrying as shallow those currents within the movement justify conservation as in interest of human being.

Pantheistic

View that everything is divine

Naess

Was a Norwegian philosopher who funded deep ecology. He distinguished it from shallow ecology arguing instead of all living beings, have an inner right to exist in flourish. Through his concept of self realization, he suggested that humans must expand their sense of identity to encompass the entire ecosystem, transforming environmental protection into an intuitive act of self-defense

Spinoza

Was the 17th century, rationalist philosopher famously for pioneering substance monism. the radical pantheism straight God of human personality and miracles viewing God and said as a immutable laws of physics and biology. he argued that free will is a physiological illusion and true human freedom is achieved by using reason to understand and calmly accept the absolute determine necessity of the universe

Political Philosophy

Explores questions concerning the justification of political entities and political relationships

Social Philosophy

Study of the problem of justice. Questions fair distribution of goods and services to members of a society

Plato’s Republic

One of Plato‘s major work it opens with the discussion of justice or morality. Why should I be just?

Eugenic

Advocacy of controlled breeding in order to improve human race

Communism

Political theory that advocates the abolition of private property and asserts that goods must be held in common and that the ideal social unit is the commune

Noble lie

Is a myth, untruth or peace of propaganda, only told by a government or ruling elite to the general public

Leviathon

The absolute supreme rolling authority created by the social contract to rescue humanity from the horrors of state of nature

Legal Positivism

View that Justice and legal legitimacy are defined exclusively by established political powers

Natural Right’s

All right, that all human being possessed inherently from birth simply by virtue of being human

Hobbes’s Sovereign

Is the absolute indivisible and unlimited ruling authority created by the social contract to enforce peace and protect citizens from the violet state of nature

Locke

17th century philosopher, who pioneered imperialism and classical liberalism

Natural Property

A feature or characteristic of the world that can be discovered, measured in full explained by natural sciences

The Lockean experiment

refers to the inverted spectrum and thought experiment showing that two people can use the same word while Experiencing completely different internal colors, highlighting the problem of other minds

Rousseau

Wasn’t enlightenment philosopher who argued that human beings are naturally good but corrupted by civilization and private property

Representative Democracy

is a model of political philosophy or citizens, exercise or political power, indirectly by electing a selected group of officials to make laws vote on budget and manage to stay on their behalf

Participatory Democracy

Is a model, a political philosophy that advocates for the broad direct and active involvement of ordinary citizens in the direction and operation of political systems

State paternalism

Is a political and legal philosophy, where the government restricted citizens, freedom or anatomy for their own good

Laessez-faire

Government should leave the economy completely alone

Minimal State

Social ideal of certain theorists which only the rights and obligations a government has are those of protecting the persons and property of its citizens, punishing offenses against those citizens and taxing citizens to finance activities

Liberalism

Political view that advocates a democratic government and asserts that the state has a legitimate right and an obligation to set standards of living below which none of its citizens may be forced to live and to enforce laws providing equal opportunity and distributive justice

Anarchy

A political theory that the state is inherently legitimate, and should be abolished

Atomism and Communism

Atomism is an ontological theory of which building blocks of reality are basic particles of matter.

Communism is a political theory that advocates the abolition of private property and goods must be held in common and ideal social unit is commune

Marx

19th century materialist philosopher who argued that economics in class struggle drive human history, he critique capitalism for alienated that working class from their naturally creative human essence through historical materialism. He argued that a societies, economic foundation dictated flaws and culture, and predicted a worker lead revolution that would inevitably replace capitalism with stateless classless communist society.

Marx’s Materialism

Is a philosophical view that physical, economic and material realities, derive human history, not abstract ideas or religion rejecting Hasidism marks argued that society thoughts, laws and culture are entirely shaped by how it produces physical goods history progresses to the clash of opposing material forces when advancing technology conflicts with rigid social classes, resulting in revolutions that shift society to the next economic stage

Marx’s Society

Society was shaped and tally by economic foundation called the base which dictates the culture laws and religion called superstructure history progresses through class struggle over who controls the base marked argued that capitalism split society into owners and workers, and that worker revolution will inevitably lead to classless stateless communist society free from exploitation

Distributive Justice

Form of justice that is achieved in a society when the opportunities and material goods of the society are fairly distributed in ways that recognize both the contributions and needs of all members of society

Nozick

Political philosopher, who pioneered libertarianism a response to John Rawls argued at the entitlement theory of just claiming that any wealth disposition is just as long as it is resulted from voluntary exchange he champion the minimal state arguing that government taxation for wealth precipitation by individual rights and morality equivalent to forced nature

Liberalism

Political view that advocates a democratic government and asserts that the state had legitimate right and obligation to set standards of living below which none of its citizens may be forced to live and to enforce laws

John Rawls

Was the 20th century political philosopher who champion justice as fairness through his famous thought experiment the value of ignorance he argued that the justice Society must be designed blindly without knowing our own social status or natural talents. This logic leads to his two principles of justice, absolute equal basic liberties for all an economic inequalities that are justified only if they are directly benefit the most vulnerable in society.

Clive Bell

Was a British aesthetician who pioneer formalism argued that the true art was defined solely by significant form. Art should be appreciated, purely for formal design completely independent from its real world, subject matter, narrative or historical contact evoking a unique, aesthetic emotion in the viewer

Formalism

The theory of art that distinguishes between form and content of art and claims that the aesthetic fact is found exclusively in formal features of art

Ontological Objection to Art (Plato)

Is the critique that art is metaphysically dangerous because it has three steps removed from reality because an artwork Imitation of physical object or is a copy of a copy that Deceits our senses and pulls our mind away from absolute truth

Karl Marx, Art and Individuality

Humans are inherited creative beings, who naturally express their individuality through art and making things beautifully. Capitalism destroys his individuality through alienation, turning creative human labor into repetitive soul crushing chore use purely for survival marks, ideal society is one where individuals are freed from rigid labor rules, so everyone has time and freedom to express himself artistically

Necessary and Sufficient Conditions and Definitions

Necessary condition is a strict requirement that must be met for an outcome to occur

Sufficient condition is a guarantee that is enough on its own to produce the outcome

Open Concepts

Is a term in art that cannot be given a fixed close definition because it is inherently involving and creative instead of sharing a single defining essence objects falling under an open concept

Aesthetic Experience

Is a distinctive state of intense focus awareness, where a person appreciates an artwork or natural object, purely for its own sake, deeply engaging their emotions and intellect without any regard for its practical use or survival value

Sublimation and Art (Freud)

Sublimation- a defense mechanism where the ego channels raw, unconscious drives into socially productive and creative outlets.

Art- is the ultimate form of sublimation the artist transforms, unexpressed repressed psychological tension into beautiful culturally valued masterpiece

Institutional Theory of Art

Defines an object as art not because of its internal aesthetic qualities, but because it has given that status by the art world

Expressionism

Theory of art according to which the function of art is to find release, to express and articulate a kind of emotional knowledge that is somehow deeper than knowledge of merely empirical or scientific facts

Mimesis

The doctrine that art in its main function is imitative of reality, ideology or possibility

Axiology

General term for the theory of values

Socrates (Chapter 1)

He was an Athenian philosopher who revolutionized thought by attorney philosophy towards ethics and self-examination. He pioneered the Socratic method ,breaking down assumptions through targeted, questioning and prioritized, intellectual humanity. I know nothing. he chose to be executed by Athens rather than give up his authenticity and his duty to question authority

Epistemology

Theory of knowledge

Mythos/Logos

Myths that attempts to make sense of the world by placing it in a narrative context by tracing things back to their supernatural origins

Ontology

Theory of being

Descartes (chapter 2)

Was a French rationalist who used methodical skepticism to tear down, doubtful beliefs, arriving at his bedrock truth Cogito ego sum, I think therefore I am. he championed mind, body dualism by separating the non-physical mind for the physical body and argued that the knowledge is ultimately funded on reason and innate ideas rather than sensory experience

Cognito Ergo Sum

Descartes theory of knowledge. I think, therefore I am

Realm of Forms

Plato’s metaphysical theory that reality is divided into two worlds, our physical world of imperfect changing copies and a non-realm containing the perfect eternal and unchanging blue pips of all things and concepts, which can only be known through pure reason

Ockham’s Razor

Pronciple of simplification derived from the medieval philosopher William of Ockham. 2 competing theories, both account for all the observable data. Do not multiply entities beyond necessity

Dualism

Ontological view that reality is composed of 2 kinds of beings, minds and bodies

Materialism

Ontological view that all reality can be shown to be material in nature

Cosmological argument for existence of God

Observable fact in the universe

Ontological arguments about existence of God

Claims that if you truly understand what the punish of God is, you will realize that is a logical contradiction for God to not exist. think about archbishop of Canterbury

Teleological arguments about existence of God

Attempt to prove the existence of god by pointing out the incredible order complexity and purpose found in the natural world

Thomas Aquinas

was a medieval Italian fryer theological, and one of the most influential philosophers in western history. Argued that truth is true whatever it comes from. Believed that faith and reasoning do not contradict each other. Said there are two different ways of looking at the same reality.

Teleological

Study of the evidence for the existence of purpose, design, and intentionality in both human and nonhuman domains

Determinism vs. Indeterminism

Determinism is the view that every event occurs necessarily

Indeterminism is the view that there are such things as uncaused events and that determinism is false

Category Mistake

Key philosophical error made by Ryle. Term belongs to one logical category is mistakenly categorized as belonging to another