Physics & Science Study Guide

Flashcards covering Kinematics and Dynamics, Work, Energy, and Power, States of Matter, Density, and Pressure, General Physics and Measurement, and Astronomy, Gravity, and Scientific Method based on lecture notes for review.

What is the net force on a 3000-kg truck that accelerates from 10 m/s to 30 m/s in 8 s?

7500 N

Approximately how long will a ball thrown upward at 30 m/s take to reach the ground?

About 4 s

What is the acceleration of a car that starts from rest and reaches a speed of 15 m/s in 10 s?

1.5 m/s2

If an 800-kg car moving at 80 km/h overtakes a 1200-kg car moving at 40 km/h in the same direction and they stick together, what is the initial speed of the wreckage?

56 km/h

If the radius of the path of an object moving in a circle at constant speed is halved, and the speed remains the same, how much more centripetal force is needed?

Twice as much as before

Which of the following units could be associated with a vector quantity?

km/s2

Which of the following is a vector quantity?

Linear momentum and Angular momentum

A horse has a power output of 1 hp (746 W) when pulling a cart. If the cart covers 100 m in 30 s, what is the force the horse exerts on the cart?

0.22 kN

What is the average power a weightlifter develops if they raise a 200-kg barbell through a height of 2 m in 2.2 s?

1.78 kW

What must an object that has linear momentum also have?

Kinetic energy

What is the approximate work you do in raising an orange from your waist to your mouth?

1 J

Which of the following is not a unit of power?

Joule-second

What is the highest pressure exerted by a 400-kg concrete block that is 1 m long, 0.6 m wide, and 0.3 m high?

21.8 kPa

When a cake of soap is placed in water and sinks, how does the buoyant force on the soap compare to its weight?

The buoyant force on the soap is less than its weight

In order for an object to sink when placed in water, what must be true about its average density?

The object's average density must be more than that of water

The density of air is 1.3 kg/m3. What is the mass of air in a room 5 m long, 4 m wide, and 2.5 m high?

65 kg

What does the pressure at the bottom of a barrel filled with liquid not depend on?

The area of the liquid surface

The pressure on 100 liters of helium is increased from 100 kPa to 400 kPa. What is the new volume of the helium?

25 liters

Which of the following quantities is independent of the size and shape of an object composed of a given material?

Density

When a golf ball and a ping-pong ball are dropped in a vacuum chamber and have fallen halfway down, what is true about their speed?

They have the same speed

Which of the following statements about units is incorrect?

A meter is not equal to 0.01 km

A person is 5 ft 8.0 in tall. What is this height equivalent to in centimeters?

173 cm

A snail travels 45 cm in 20 min. What is its average speed in cm/h?

135 cm/h

A woman whose mass is 60 kg on the earth's surface is in a spacecraft at a height of 2 earth radii above the earth's surface. What is her mass there?

60 kg

At which Celsius temperature will a Fahrenheit thermometer show the same reading in degrees?

−40∘C

What is the mass of a sack of potatoes whose weight is 200 N?

20.4 kg

When heat is added to a body of matter, what does the resulting temperature increase not depend upon?

Its shape

What remains the same for a bullet fired upward as it rises?

Its mass

What describes how living things have changed throughout the earth's history?

Living things have evolved

Why are stars and planets round?

Gravity forces them into this shape

Who discovered that planetary orbits are ellipses rather than circles?

Kepler

How does the escape speed needed for an object to leave the earth permanently compare to the minimum speed it needs to become an earth satellite?

Escape speed is more than the minimum speed it needs to become an earth satellite

Who was the scientist who showed that gravity accounts for Kepler's laws of planetary motion?

Newton

What kind of pattern do the stars in a constellation form as seen from the earth?

An apparent pattern in the sky

Regarding the gravitational force between the Sun and the Earth, what is true according to Newton's Third Law?

The Sun exerts a gravitational force on the Earth and the Earth exerts a gravitational force on the Sun, and either can be considered the action or reaction force.

What distinguishes the scientific method from other ways of looking at the natural world?

Its reliance on experiment and observation

When first proposed, what is a scientific idea usually called?

A hypothesis

Which formula expresses the relationship between the pressure and absolute temperature of a gas sample whose volume is fixed?

P1/T1 = P2/T2 (Gay-Lussac's Law)

Which of the following statements about tides is true?

The moon is chiefly responsible for the tides, with the sun's influence modifying the tidal range.