Biology: Organic Functional Groups, Polymers, and Carbohydrates

Carbonyl Group

Functional group where O and C form a polar covalent bond; found in aldehydes and ketones

Carboxyl Group

Functional group containing two oxygens

Amino Group

Functional group that bonds with water and forms a cation (positive charge)

Carbohydrate

Polymer made of monosaccharide monomers

Nucleic Acid

Polymer made of nucleotide monomers

Protein

Polymer made of amino acid monomers

Fatty Acid

Consists of a long hydrocarbon chain and a carboxyl group

Triglyceride

A glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acids

Saturated Fat

Single bonds between carbons densely packed vertically; solid at room temperature (called "fat")

Unsaturated Fat

Has a double bond that angles downward creating gaps molecules can drift in and out of; liquid at room temperature (called "oil")

Hydrogenation

Adding hydrogen to each carbon in a double bond converting unsaturated fat to saturated (e.g. making margarine solid from plant oils)

Sucrose

Glucose + fructose

Maltose

Glucose + glucose

Lactose

Glucose + galactose

Starch

A polymer of glucose

Phosphate Group

Forms ionic bonds