RPM long stem

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Answer: B

Why?
The first GnRH in Ovsynch attempts to ovulate or luteinize a dominant follicle and initiate a new follicular wave. This helps bring cows to a more synchronized stage of follicular development.

The basic sequence is:

GnRH → 7 days → PGF₂α → 48–72 h → GnRH → ~16–20 h → timed AI

• GnRH #1: Synchronizes follicular wave/ovulation

• PGF₂α: Regresses the corpus luteum → decreases progesterone

• GnRH #2: Induces ovulation of the synchronized dominant follicle

• Timed AI: Performed at the appropriate interval after GnRH #2

High-yield exam point: Ovsynch doesn't simply synchronize estrus—it synchronizes the ovulation of cows sufficiently to permit timed AI, even when estrus detection is poor.

A dairy producer wants to improve reproductive efficiency in a group of postpartum cows that have not shown detectable estrus. The herd has acceptable body condition scores and no major postpartum disease problems. The veterinarian recommends an Ovsynch program.

Which of the following best explains why the initial GnRH injection is important for the success of the Ovsynch protocol?

A. It causes luteolysis of the existing corpus luteum, allowing all cows to enter estrus simultaneously.

B. It induces ovulation or luteinization of a dominant follicle and initiates a new follicular wave, helping synchronize follicular development among cows.

C. It directly stimulates prostaglandin release from the uterus, causing regression of the corpus luteum.

D. It prevents ovulation of the dominant follicle so that the cow remains in estrus until the prostaglandin injection.

E. It increases progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum, preventing premature ovulation before timed AI.

Correct Answer: B Why?

In the mare, the early conceptus undergoes extensive migration throughout the uterus between approximately days 6–16 of pregnancy.

This movement is important for maternal recognition of pregnancy. The conceptus produces signals that must be distributed throughout the uterus to prevent the normal luteolytic process.

Endometrial cysts can disrupt this process by:

• Physically interfering with conceptus mobility

• Altering the normal uterine environment

• Potentially interfering with adequate distribution of the conceptus's antiluteolytic signal

• Increasing the risk of early embryonic loss

A 14-year-old Thoroughbred mare is presented for evaluation of repeated early embryonic loss. She has previously carried two pregnancies to term but has failed to maintain pregnancy beyond approximately 30 days during her last three breeding seasons.

Transrectal ultrasonography performed during breeding reveals multiple round, anechoic structures within the endometrium. The mare is bred and subsequently diagnosed pregnant at day 14. During a follow-up examination, the conceptus is identified, but it appears to remain relatively stationary within one region of the uterus rather than moving throughout the uterine lumen.

Which of the following best explains how the mare's uterine pathology could contribute to her reproductive failure?

A. Endometrial cysts increase progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum, causing premature luteolysis and preventing embryonic fixation.

B. Endometrial cysts interfere with normal conceptus mobility and maternal recognition of pregnancy, potentially resulting in failure of pregnancy maintenance.

C. Endometrial cysts directly prevent fertilization by interfering with sperm transport through the oviduct.

D. Endometrial cysts cause premature cervical closure, trapping the conceptus within the uterine body and preventing normal development.

E. Endometrial cysts stimulate excessive prostaglandin secretion immediately after ovulation, preventing formation of a functional corpus luteum.

Correct answer is C

Reason: New herd abortive material are showing signs for Epizootic Bovine Abortion spread via ticks.

Cows should be imported to California a year prior to the breeding season so they can acquire the disease and gain immunity prior to the breeding season.

You are called to a dairy cow breeding farm outside of Sacramento due massive amounts of abortion of their newly imported cows. Other than abortion the cows are clinically healthy. On necropsy of the aborted fetuses you see petechial hemorrhage on tongue, and severe ascites. The heart has grey inflammatory foci on the right atrium. What would you recommend to this farmer he should do for the next season to prevent this condition?

A. Vaccinate the cows for Campylobacter fetus venerlis

B. Immediately cull the whole heard

C. Import new breeding herd a year prior to breeding season

D. Vaccinate herd against HPV

E is the correct answer- PAG is good to test after day 24 and is definitive because it comes from the fetal-placental unit

Not: A- These are non definitive signs and need further testing

B: Progesterone testing is done on day 19-21 after AI. Also progesterone is more for diagnosing non-preganacy

C- Cow could be pregnant. Fremitus is not a sign of non-pregnancy

D- Transrectal palp in search of fetal slip or amniotic vesicle should not be done prior to day 40-42 because it can damage the developing embryo

A cow is presented for her preg check. On examination one of her uterine horns is larger than the other, you feel an increase in blood flow in the middle uterine artery, and there is a persistent CL. According to her records she should be 28 days into pregnancy. From these signs alone, is this enough to diagnose pregnancy?

A. Yes the CL alone is enough to DX

B. No, A progesterone test should be done

C. No. In actuality the cow is not pregnant. Fremitus is a sign of non-pregnancy.

D. No. Transrectal palpation of the uterus and fetal membrane slip are signs of pregnancy at this time of pregnancy

E. No. PAG serum testing would be adequate at this time.

D is the correct answer. Giving a GnRH analog implant prior to the show will downregulate GNrH receptors and thus decrease testosterone production. It’s recommended to do this in advance because it will take time for the body to make these changes. There will be an initial rise in LH that can cause the opposite effect.

C is also correct: Works similar to D, and will suppress HPG axis, and thus decrease circulating LH → decrease in testosterone e

Incorrect:

A- these can cause ischemia and necrosis of the penis.

B- Can lead to priapism→ paraphimosis and penile paralysis

E- Will eliminate the issue at hand, but this is a breeding stallion going to a horse breeding convention so umm duh

A 2 year old prized stallion is being shown off at a horse breeding convention at the Kentucky Metrodome. At this event, breeders from around the country will be bringing their prized stallions and mares and buckets and buckets of semen. You don’t want your stallion to get an erection during this time because it can lead to lacerations. What can be done to prevent your stallion from getting an erection? Choose as many you deem fit.

A. Cock ring

B. Acepromazine

C. Feed regumate prior to event

D. GnRH analog implant 2 months prior to event

E. Surgical castration