Giddes APUSH Unit 8

Fort Sumter

Fort Sumter

federal fort in Charleston harbor; ½ of southern forts to show support for Unions; bad conditions (<100 men + provisions only lasted for few weeks); if no supplies - commander had to surrender; otherwise, SC would fight cuz this was important federal fort; blocked Atlantic seaport Lincoln tried to send provisions w/o reinforcements + failed; SC cannons fired the fort, but no one died

Union blockade

'anaconda plan'; at first leaky + part of Union's total war; blocked key confederate ports from getting supplies; respected by Brit; other nations (including Brit) wanted lincoln to maintain high blockading standards; blocked all confederate ports; prevented supplies from getting to confederacy;

Richmond

capital of confederacy; too close to DC for strategy

Border States

slave states that stayed in Union; bordered norther; DE, MD, KY, MO, + WV; if north attacked first all of them would have seceded from union; important + powerful (½ of Conf population); MD, KY, MO doubled manufacturing capacity of S + increased horse/mule supplies by 50%

West Virginia

'mountain white' area that tore itself from VA in mid 1861; became a border state

"Mountain whites"

poor whites living in Appalachian mountains; decided to leave VA + become WV

Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chicasaws, + Seminoles; located in OK; most sided w/Confederacy; some natives (Cherokees) owned slaves; confederate govt agreed to take over federal payments to tribes + invited them to send delegates to confederate congress

Advantages of South

more experienced military officer; fought on their own land among their own people (knew the territory well); just had to ensure the north doesn't win + they could remain separate from Union

General Robert E. Lee

1st rank confederate commander; embodied south ideal; lincoln offered him command of union armies, but when VA left, he left w/state; won peninsula campaign (7 days' battle)

"Stonewall" Jackson

lee's chief lieutenant for most of war; tactical theorist; master of speed + deception; confederate general; won 1st battle of bull run; killed by friendly fire at battle of chancellorsville

Advantages of North

larger population (north had ~22 million while south had ~9 million including slaves); most factories to make supplies; 30,000 miles of railroads; strong navy; more money; established govt

Ulysses S. Grant

union general; lincoln found him after trial/error process (expensive); determined to win at any cost (even losing troops)

"King Cotton"

'driving' force of southern economy; dethroned cuz Brit warehouses were oversupplied w/fiber; Egypt + India growers increase output + captured share of cotton market

"King Wheat" and "King Corn"

monarchs of northern farming; north had ideal weather while brit had series of bad harvest; cheapest + most abundant supply

Trent Affair

1st major crisis w/Brit; union warship cruising on high seas on northern cuba stopped a brit mail steam trent + removed (by force) 2 confederate diplomats bound for euro; brit govt demanded an apology + prisoners be set free; lincoln released prisoners

The Alabama

brit-amer crisis over building in brit; confederate alabama evaded title warship under technicalities; escaped to Portuguese Azores + captured 60+ vessels; accepted challenge from union cruiser off fra's coast in 1864 + destroyed (sunk)

Charles Francis Adams

amer minister to brit; convinced british to stop building ships for confederates

Laird Rams

final crisis w/brit; 2 confederate warships were constructed in shipyard of laird + sons in brit; designed to destroy wooden ships of union w/its iron rams + large-caliber guns; guns more dangerous than alabama; eventually brought for royal navy

Dominion of Canada

designed to strengthen candianas (politically + spiritually) against revenge of US; parliament established it in 1867

Napoleon III

emperor of France; dispatched fre army to occupy mexico city (took advantage of amer problems) trying to expand

Archduke Maximillian

emperor of mexico in 1863; enthroned by napoleon III; enthroning violated monroe doctrine

William Seward

secretary of state under lincoln; threatened to destroy fre-controlled mexico if fra didn't leave; expansionist; responsible for buying Alaska from russia for $7.2 million; criticized by decision by uninformed countrymen

States' rights

conf govt gave states more power; detrimental to war; lincoln violated states' right

Jefferson Davis

president of confederacy; no person popularity; serious talk of impeachment; defy rather than lead public opinion; job too much for him; imprisoned for 2 yrs after war's end; later pardoned by Johnson; no VA jury would convict him + his conspirators

Lincoln's "Constitution violations"

proclaimed blockade, increased federal army size, gave $2 million to 3 priv citizens (military reasons), suspended writ of habeas corpus, supervised voting in border states, + suspended certain newspapers; could do this cuz congress wasn't meeting when war started

Writ of habeas corpus

court order requiring jailers to explain why they are holding prisoner in custody; lincoln suspended it so anti-unionists could be arrested

Conscription law

law enacted draft of men into army bc of decline of volunteers; unfair for poor cuz rich men could hire subs/pay $300 to be excused

New York draft riots

uprising of working class irish-amer in NY; protest of conscription/draft law; rioters outraged by ability of rich to hire subs; scores of lost lives; some were lynched blacks

War volunteers

90%+ of union troops were volunteers - social + patriotic pressures to enlist were strong; volunteers slowly declined so authorities began to offer generous bounties for enlistment ($1000); many started to enlist, get money, leave, + then come back to be paid; south had less volunteers

Excise taxes

taxes put on specific goods + services; low by later standards, brought millions of $

Income tax

tax on people's earnings/salaries

War funding

1. excise taxes were increased, 2) income tax created, 3) Morrill tariff act, 4) sales of bonds (treasury got billions from this)

Morrill Tariff Act

1861; passed by congress; to meet war's cost; raised taxes on shipping from 5-10% to moderate level of walker tariff (25%); later needed to be increased to meet war's costs; protected manufacturers who were struggling w/new taxes; passed in absence of southern democrats

"Greenbacks"

name for union paper money; not backed by gold, so valuable changed constantly; worth 39 cents at low

Inflation

general increase in prices + fall in purchasing value of money

Bonds

certificate issued by govt/priv company; promised to pay back w/interest; money borrowed from buyer of certificate; issued to raise money for war

National Banking System

system created by congress in 1863; made to stimulate sale of govt bonds + establish standard banknote currency

"Rag money"

used to refer to worthless paper currency

"Runaway inflation"

hyperinflation; prices rose rapidly every few hours; confederate paper money sank to point where it was worth only 1.6 cents; war inflicted 9000% inflation for confederacy + 80% for union

North's economic boom

manufacturers + business people benefited during war bc of new protective tariffs + high-priced goods from inflation; newly invented labor-saving machinery led to economic boom; sewing machine for making uniforms/shoes; mechanical reapers for harvesting (allowed men to go war)

"Fifty-Niners"

people who went to harvest petroleum in PA in 1859; caused birth of new industry; some moved west to avoid federal draft

Homestead Act of 1862

provided free land to people; allowed settlers to acquire 160 acres by living on it for 5 years, improving it + paying $30; passed in absence of southern democrats

Women's wartime roles

women took over men's jobs after war started; govt workers in DC - 500 women clerks became govt workers; industrial field had demand for shoes + clothing; women posed as male soldiers in battle + some were spy for dangerous missions; doctor/nurses - Blackwell (fundraiser organizer); some women organized fairs that raised money for relief of widows, orphans, + disabled soldiers; ¼ women in industry (before war) rose to ⅓ during war

Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell

amer's 1st female physician; helped organize US sanitary commission to help the union army in battlefield

U.S. Sanitary Commission

founded w/blackwell's help' govt agency trained nurses, collected medical supplies, + equipped hospitals; commission helped professionalize nursing + gave many women confidence + organizational skills to push forward women's movements after war

Clara Barton

superintendent of nurses for union army; founded amer red cross

Dorothea Dix

superintendent of nurses for union army

Sally Tomkins

established infirmary for wounded confederate soldiers in richmond; awarded rank of captain by davis; 1st female military officer

First Battle of Bull Run

1861; 1st battle of civil war; happened 30 miles SW DC; dispelled illusions of short war; Confederates won; northern recruits swaggered out of DC towards bull run; at first, they were good but jackson's warriors were like a stone wall (where 'stonewall' got his name) + reinforcements showed up; inflated dangerous overconfidence

"Yankees"

used by southerners to describe the north

General George McClellan

union general; given command of army of potomac; west pointer, serious warfare student, + dubbed 'young napoleon'; seen lots of wars in mexican war + crimean war; extremely cautious + great organizer; hated sacrificing his troops + idolized by men ('little mac'); tried to take richmond in 1862 during peninsula campaign; pushed back + demoted; reinstated for battle of antietam; retired after failing to pursue Lee

Army of the Potomac

McClellan led this army; main union army near DC w/100k troops

Peninsula Campaign

1862; confederate victory; richmond sat on James + York River; union advances towards Richmond under McClellan; confederates reinforcements could come to push him back to sea; 20k Confederate casualties vs 10k union casualties

"Jeb" Stuart

confederate general; led confederate cavalry around McClellan's army of Potomac in 1862; fought at battle of bull run, fredericksburg, + chancellorsville (commanded army)

Seven Days' Battles

confederate victory; series of confederate counterattacks; drove army of potomac back to ocean; 20k confederate casualties

Emancipation Proclamation

issued by lincoln; 1862; declared that all slaves in confederate states would be free

Components of Union's "total war"

1) slowly suffocate south by blocking coasts
2) liberate slaves + undermine economic foundation
3) cut confederates into ½ by getting control of MI river
4) chop confederate to pieces by sending troops through GA + Carolinas
5) capture richmond
6) try everywhere to get enemy's main strength + grind it into submission

Nassau, Bahamas

west indies port; ½ way; became leading meeting for blockade runner

"Ultimate destination"

goods were ultimately bound for confederacy

Merrimack/Virginia

old wooden US ship; reconditioned as confederate ironclad ship; destroyed 2 union wooden ships; battled Monitor in 1862 to standstill; destroyed months later to prevent union troops stealing it

Monitor

'yankee cheesebox on a raft'; built in ~100 days; union ironclads that fought merrimack to standstill

Second Battle of Bull Run

confederate victory; 1862; confederate army forced most of union army under general pope out of VA

General John Pope

union general; boasted western victories at 2nd battle of bull run; defeated in that battle; replaced by McClellan

Battle at Antietam Creek

draw; Lee went into MD after 2nd battle of bull run; wanted to get border states into confederacy; lincoln restored McClellan as commander (pressured); 2 union soldiers found copy of lee's plans (wrapped in packet of 3 cigars dropped by careless confederate officer); McClellan could stop Lee; draw, but decisive; Brit + Fre planned to help confederates, but this battle displayed north's power + stopped them from helping; served as foundation for lincoln's final launch of emancipation proclamation

Border states

DE, MD, KY, MO, + WV; safely in union by mid-summer 1862

Thirteenth Amendment

1865 (8 months after war's end); freed all slaves, abolished slavery, + foreshadowed by emancipation proclamation

"Butternut" region

old northwest + border states; thought lincoln gone too far w/emancipation proclamation; included pierce

Congressional Elections of 1862

went against administration; NY, PA, OH; democrats gained strength overall (carried IL even tho they couldn't secure congress's control)

War Department

responsible for union military; refused to accept free northern blacks (tried to volunteer); black enlistees were accepted after emancipation proclamation

Black enlistments in North

180k blacks served in union army after emancipation proclamation; accounted for 10% total enlistments included 2 MA regime raised by Douglass

General A.E. Burnside

union general; replaced McClellan (2nd time); unfit for job + launched rash battle of fredericksburg; yielded command to Hooker

Battle of Fredericksburg

confederate victory; VA 1862; Burnside launched rash attack; >10k northern soldiers were killed; 'burnside slaughter pen'

"Fighting Joe" Hooker

burnside's replacement; aggressive officer, but headstrong; unfit for job; at Chancellorsville, lost badly but not crushed by Lee's plan

Battle of Chancellorsville

confederate victory; led by hooker; lee divided his forces + sent Jackson to attack union flank; jackson would be accidentally shot by his own men + died; hooker was badly beaten but not crushed by Lee's plan

General George G. Meade

union general; replaced Hooker 3 days before battle of gettysburg; led battle of gettysburg

Battle of Gettysburg

union victory; 3 day battle; bloodiest of entire war; turning point of war; Meade led battle w/92k soldiers against Lee's 76k soldiers; Pickett's charge was considered high tide of confederacy/last real chance for confederate win

General George Pickett's Charge

failed confederacy charge (gettysburg); 'high tide of confederacy'; marked northernmost point of southern troops ever reached; last real chance for confederate win

Gettysburg Address

1863; 2 min speech given by Lincoln after gettysburg; praised bravery of union soldiers + renewed commitment to winning war; supported ideals of self-govt + human rights; some thought it was silly; attracted little attention at the time

General Ulysses S. Grant

union general; military experience + bold, resourceful, tenacious personality allowed him to succeed; 1st success came in northern TN theater; captured fort henry + Fort Donelson on TN + Cumberland Rivers in 1862; demanded 'an unconditional/immediate surrender' when confederate general asked for terms

Fort Henry and Fort Donelson

union victory; feb 1862; in TN + cumberland rivers; key victory bc it secures north's hold of KY + paved way for grant's attacks deeper into TN as it opened gateways to strategically important regions of TN

Battle at Shiloh

north victory; grant wanted to exploit his victory (from fort henry + donelson) by capturing getting junction of main confederate north-south + east west railroads in MI valley at Corinth MI; confederates forces surprised union troops just over TN border from Corinth; confederates drove back grant's forces across TN rivers; union got backup + won; 1 of the most bloody battles; proved there was no quick end to war in west

Admiral David G. Farragut

union flotilla commander; seized new orleans in 1862 w/northern army

Seizing of New Orleans

northern troops + ships under admiral farragut seized new orleans in spring 1862; opened 'backdoor' to confederacy

Battle of Vicksburg

union victory; through entrance between vicksburg (MI) + port hudson (LA), many packsing of cattles + other provisions came - key western source of supplies; fortress of vicksburg protected supply source; grant launched attack + siege of vicksburg; grant's best fought campaign; city surrendered in 1863; most forces were depleted; 5 days later, it would be fall of port hudson; union gained MI

Port Hudson

5 days after battle of vicksburg port hudson fell; last southern bastion on MI; gave union control of MI

Chattanooga

city union forces were driven back to in eastern TN; confederates laid siege to them but grant liberated city; opened GA for invasion; grant awarded by being made general in chief

Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain

union victory; 'battle above clouds'; grant won both desperate battles in as Chattanooga was under siege by confederacy

General William Tecumseh Sherman

union general; known for march to sea; relied on lincoln; captured Atlanta + burned it; sherman's march took 300+ miles march from atlanta; everything in path was destroyed + slaves were freed; ravaged SC; south wasn't happy

Sherman's March

1864-1865; general sherman's destructive march through GA; early instance of total war; purposely targeted buildings/civilian property to weaken morale of men + destroy supplies meant for confederate army

Sherman's "bummers"

discipline of sherman's army; sometimes broke down bc went overboard in pillaging

Salmon Chase

secretary of treasury; wanted to remove lincoln from office; 1 of many who distrusted + doubted lincoln's ability/commitment to abolition

Congressional Committee on the Conduct of War

established by congress in 1861; dominated by radical republicans; made to oversee military affairs

"Radical" Republicans

dominated congressional committee on conduct of war; resented expansion of presidential power in wartime; pressed Lincoln on emancipation; minority group of republicans; believed that South should pay more for leaving; wanted social structure destroyed, planters punished, + blacks protected by law

"War Democrats"

part of fractured democratic party; had large portion; supported the lincoln administration

"Peace Democrats"

part of fractured democratic party; tens of thousands didn't support lincoln administration

Copperheads

northern democrats; opposed civil war + sympathized w/south; openly got in way of war through open attacks against draft, lincoln, + emancipation; commanded political strength in southern parts of OH, IN, + IL

Clement L. Vallandigham

most prominent copperhead; congressman from OH; used for oratorical skills to stir up trouble + demand end to war; convinced for treasonable remarks + sentenced to jail; lincoln though it was better idea for him to be exiled to confederacy

The Man Without a Country

written by everett hale; inspired by turn of events for vallandingham; immensely popular in north; helped stimulate devote to union; main character was Philip Nolan; he was found guilty of taking part in Aaron Burr's plot; cried 'damn the US! I may never hear of it again' + condemned to exile to on amer warships

Election of 1864

peace + war democrats/copperheads (McClellan) vs radical republicans vs union party (lincoln); each political party had diff pov on how war should be run + what should happen to seceded states after war; union party (lincoln) won election on recent northern victories against south (212 vs McClellan's 21 electoral votes); decided that confederacy would lose + slavery was abolished;

Union Party

created alliance of republicans + war democrats; purpose to ensure lincoln's reelection in 1864