psych paper 1 AO1

social influence, memory, attachment, psychopathology

who suggested that humans STM can remember 9.3 numbers and 7.3 letters

Jacobs

how many numbers and letters did Jacobs suggest we can remember in STM

9.3 numbers and 7.3 letters

who suggested we can remember 7 items and 7 chunks STM

miller

how many items and chunks did miller suggest we can remember STM

7 items and 7 chunks

who suggested that 4 chunks of information is probably the limit, disputing millers claim

Cowan

who suggested that larger chunks of information means less is recalled

Simon

who suggested that the STM lasted 18 seconds, using syllables to prevent verbal rehearsal

Peterson and Peterson

how many seconds did Peterson and Peterson suggest the STM lasted

18

who found that after 48 years ppts were 70% accurate in facial recognition of classmates and 30% for names

Bahrick et al

how accurate were Bahrick et al’s ppts in facial recognition 48 years

70%

who discovered how the STM and LTM are coded

Baddeley

how did baddeley suggest that the STM is coded

acoustically

how did baddeley suggest that the LTM is coded

semantically

in support of the MSM, what part of the brain is STM associated with

prefrontal cortex

in support of the MSM, what part of the brain is the LTM associated with

hippocampus

who had their hippocampus removed

HM

what kind of memories was HM unable to form

LTM

which part of the phonological loop is the inner voice

phonological store

which part of the phonological loop is the inner ear

articulatory process

which part of the visuo spatial sketchpad is for form and colour

visual cache

which part of the visuo spatial sketchpad is for spatial relations

inner scribe

who argued in support for the working memory model, because ppts were slower when doing dual tasks

hitch and baddeley

who had problems with verbal material (words not sounds) but not with visual information, in support of the WMM

KF

what did KF have problems with

verbal material

who had problems with spatial information

LH

what did LH have problems with

spatial information

what kind of LTM is memories of personal experience

episodic

what are the 2 details of episodic memories

context, emotion

what LTM is knowledge shared by everyone

semantic

what LTM is knowing how to do something

procedural

where are episodic and semantic memories associated with

temporal lobe, hippocampus

where in the brain is the procedural associated with

cerebellum

which LTM could HM form

procedural

which LTM was HM unable to form

semantic, episodic

which interference is when new memories interfere with old

retroactive

who investigated retroactive interference as recall was less good if there was an intervening task

Muller

what kind of interference is when old memories interfere with new

proactive

who suggested that more lists meant lower percentage of recall, with the first being learnt the best - in support of proactive interference

Underwood

who found that rugby players who played fewer games had better recall of the games they played as they had less interference

Baddeley and Hitch

who suggested the encoding specificity principle

Tulving and Thomson

who found that cued recall was 60% while free recall was 40%

Tulving and Pearlstone

what were the % of free and cued recall of words learnt did Tulving and Pearlstone find

40% free recall, 60% free recall

who investigated context dependant forgetting through testing in school in different conditions

Abernethy

who suggested that recall was best when initial state (drunk or sober) matched state of recall - support of state dependant forgetting

Goodwin et al

who investigated the effect of leading Qs through changing the verb used to describe a car accident

Loftus and Palmer

which verbs were used by Loftus and palmer investigating the effect of leading Qs

hit, smashed, collided, bumped, contacted

in Loftus and palmers research, what was the highest mean speed estimate and which verb?

40.8 mph for smashed

in Loftus and palmers research, what was the lowest mean speed estimate and which verb?

31.8 mph for contacted

what theory suggests that post event discussion is likely to contaminate eyewitness memory of an event

the conformity effect

who suggests the conformity effect (post event discussion)

Gabbert et al

who suggests that repeat interviewing is particularly problematic with child witnesses

LeRooy et al

who used bugs bunny to see how misleading information changed recall

Braun et al

who found that, when ppts thought they were witnessing a real life robbery, their accuracy in identifying the witness was higher

Foster et al

who came up with the weapons effect

Johnson and Scott

does the weapons effect explain increased or decreased accuracy

decreased

who monitored eye movements and found that focus was on a weapon

loftus et al

who suggested that high anxiety situations increases accuracy

Christianson and Hubinette

who suggested the Yerkes Dobson effect to settle the inconsistency of effect of anxiety on EWT

Deffenbacher et al

what did Deffenbacher et al suggest to settle the inconsistency about the effect of anxiety on EWT

Yerkes Dobson Effect

Johnson and Scott weapons study - low anxiety group percentage that were accurate vs high anxiety group that were accurate percentage

49% vs 33%

who suggested that the weapons effect may be due to surprise, rather than anxiety

Pickel

who found that victims of violent crimes are more accurate than victims of non violent crime

Halford and Milne

what are the steps of a cognitive interview

mental reinstatement of original context, report everything, change order, change perspective

who supported the effectiveness of the cognitive interview with a meta analysis

Kohnken et al

how much more information did Kohnken et al suggest that the cognitive interview would lead to

34% more

who found that the quality of the information in the cognitive interview may suffer

Kohnken et al

how much did kohnken et al find that the cognitive interview increased correct recall

81%

how much did Kohnken et al find that the cognitive interview led to false positives

61%

what term refers to when the actions of one person elicit a response from another

reciprocity

what term refers to when a person mirrors the behaviour and emotions of another

interactional synchrony

who studied interactional synchrony in infants

meltzoff and Moore

in their first study, meltzoff and Moore found that infants as young as ……? could imitate facial and hand gestures

2 to 3 weeks

in their follow up study, meltzoff and Moore found that infants as young as ……….? could display interactional synchrony

three days old

the fact that meltzoff and Moore found evidence of interactional synchrony in infants suggests that the behavioural response must be ….?

innate

who suggested that the rhythms of reciprocity acts as a precursor to later communications

brazleton

whos study failed to replicate meltzoff and Moores findings

Koepke et al

meltzoff and Moore suggested that koepke et al’s study failed because …..?

it was less carefully controlled

who’s research supported Meltzoff and Moore, suggesting the behaviour of the infants was intentional because of how they responded to inanimate objects

Abravanel and DeYong

who identified the stages of attachment

Schaffer and Emerson

what is the first stage of attachment

indiscriminate attachment

what is the second stage of attachment

beginnings of attachment

what is the third stage of attachment

discriminate attachment

what is the fourth stage of attachment

multiple attachments

which stage of attachment is characterised by infants producing a similar response to all objects, animate or not.

indiscriminate attachment

during the indiscriminate attachment stage, what plays a role in establishing the infants relationships with others

reciprocity and interactional synchrony

what characterises the beginnings of attachment

general sociability

which stage of attachment is characterised by separation anxiety and stranger anxiety

discriminate attachment

what term describes the distress shown by an infant when separated from primary caregiver

separation anxiety

what term describes the distress shows by an infant when approached by someone unfamiliar

stranger anxiety

Schaffer and Emerson found that the intensity of the attachment was determined by

how quickly and sensitively parents responded to their infants signals

when was Schaffer And Emersons study of attachment

1960s

how many of the infants in Schaffer and Emersons study had their mother as their primary attachment figure

65%

how many of the infants in Schaffer and Emersons study had their father as their primary attachment figure

3%

Schaffer and Emerson found that how many infants had formed 5 or more secondary attachments by age 1

1/3

how long does the indiscriminate attachment phase last

birth to 4 months

around what age do infants display the beginnings of attachment

four months

by what age to infants display discriminate attachment

seven months

why could Schaffer and Emersons data be unreliable

Based on mothers reports of their infants

who found that the number of stay at home dads has quadruped over the past 25 years

Cohn et al

what did Cohn et al find

the number of stay at home dads has quadrupled over the past 25 years