Immunology Exam I continued

what do erythrocytes (RBCs) look like?

What do lymphocytes look like?

what do monocytes look like?

what do neutrophils look like?

what do basophils look like?

what do eosinophils look like?

what does TNF do?

- neutrophil activation, regulates inflammation, endothelial cell activation, muscle catabolism

- chemotaxis, extravasation, phagocytosis, initiates inflammation, fever (along with IL-1)

- dominant cytokine in inflammatory disease

what does IL-2 do?

T cell growth factor

what does IFNγ do?

antiviral response, increases phagocytosis, increase APCs

what cytokines/chemokines are used in TH1?

- TNF

- IL-2

- INFγ

what does IL-4 do?

- B cell growth factor

- stimulates IgE/IgG4, M2 macrophages

what does IL-5 do?

responsible for eosinophil proliferation

what does IL-10 do?

- TGF-β

- controls/regulates anti-inflammatory responses

- regulates macrophages to decrease IFNγ and IL-12

what does IL-13 do?

occurs in asthma and allergic reactions

what cytokines/chemokines are used in TH2?

- IL-4

- IL-5

- IL-10

- IL-13

what does IL-8 do?

- *chemokine*, involved in inflammation, recruits neutrophils to infection site, activates phagocytosis via neutrophils

- Extravasation: chemokines will stimulate motility through the vessel wall along the chemokine gradient to the infection site (assisted by TNF and IL-2)

- Neutrophils know where to move because they are attracted to IL-8, IL-1, and TNF

- Neutrophils have carbohydrate ligands that weakly bind L-selectins on leukocytes (adhesion molecules)

what does IL-12 do?

- induces TH1 cells

- NK proliferation

- activates macrophages

- increases IFNγ from NKCs and T-cells

what does IL-15 do?

NK proliferation

what does IL-18 do?

inflammatory responses

what does IFN-1 (ɑ &β) do?

antiviral response, prevents viral replication, increase APCs (T-cells), activate NKCs

what are the pro-inflammatory cytokines?

- IL-1

- IL-12

- IL-18

- IFN-1

- TNFɑ

IgM antibody chain:

largest Ab, first to respond, secreted as a pentamer

IgG antibody chain:

most abundant Ab, B-cell regulation, secreted as a monome

IgD antibody chain:

only has a monomer transmembrane form [main function primarily unknown]

IgE antibody chain:

main Ab in allergic responses and parasitic infections, activates mast cells when bound to Fc, secreted as a monomer

IgA antibody chain:

main Ab involved in mucosal immunity, can be secreted as a monomer, dimer, OR trimer