WW2 final flashcards-study with this

Blackout

A blackout was when they cut out the electric power circuits during an air raid.

What was the first concentration camp?

The first concentration camp the Nazis established was Dachau, in 1933, just outside of Munich, Germany.

Francis Pegahmagabow

He was a First Nations (Ojibwe) soldier from Canada who served in World War I, not WWII. He was an exceptional sniper and scout, earning the Military Medal and two bars for bravery, making him one of the most decorated Indigenous soldiers in Canadian military history.

Why did Halifax have a Blackout Rehearsal

Due to the inauguration of air-raid precautions as they (Halifax) were likely to be the first target if airplanes came.-because they were at the shore

What were candians encourage to do in the event of an air attack?

To maintain air-raid shelters in their basements in the event of an air attack.

Export Products-name 10 that Canadians exported during the war

1. Wheat

2. Arms

3. Automobiles

4. Meats

5. Wood-pulp-like the wood chips we see at playgrounds kinda

6. Nickel

7. Newsprint

8. Aluminum in bars-literally just aluminum in the shape of a bar

9. Fish

10. Whiskey.

WWW.AANNFAM (.com)

Cheese Export Growth from 1939 and 1945

Canada’s cheese export nearly doubled-cause cheese rots slowly

Why was the War Supply Board formed?

To coordinate economic and industrial facilities, procurement/getting of supplies, and production of munitions.

C(ei)GP

How many aircrafts, rifles, tanks, and machine guns did Canada produce during the war?

Aircraft:

• 16 000

Rifles

• 900 000

Tanks

• 6 500

Machine guns

• 244 000

How many Women worked directly in Wartime Production?

Around 500,000

Women's Job Roles during the war-list 6

1. Wireless operators

2. Wardrobe attenders

3. Nursing aids

4. Operational plotters

5. Sail-makers

6. Writers

7. Messengers

WWNOSWM

WWW.NOMS.(com)

Requirements for Women Joining War

1. Had to be 18-45

2. Can be single or married

3. If ur married and have sons under 16 or daughters under 17 ur not eligible unless u can produce evidence of legal adoption

4. Must be sufficient to effectively carry out ur job

5. Health must be good

Uses of Household Bones

To create glue for airplanes and glycerine for explosives.

Why was it necessary for the Canadian government to set a national speed limit of 64km/h?

To save on rubber and gas.

Why did the government halt the production of civilian automobiles?-last one was made in 1942 (damn)

To redirect materials like rubber to the war effort.

How did young ppl contribute to the war effort?

By buying War Saving’s Stamps, joining army cadets, participating in parades to help recruiting efforts, and donating lead soldiers to be melted into munitions for the war.

(only need to memorize 3 just doo whichever 3stick best)

What happened to Japanese Canadians in Canada?-during the war-in terms of deportation

Japanese Canadians were moved to Interior Housing Centers, with their property confiscated and sold at auctions for low prices. They were also (forced?) to do manual labor for the war effort.-called internment camps

Anyways this happened cause ppl in Canada didn’t trust the Japanese and thought they were “spies”

Soldiers' Overseas Life-name 3 aspects

Three aspects included dealing with mosquitoes, hand-burying the dead, and hunting for meat despite it being forbidden.

Explain how the Geneva Prisoners of War Convention deals with POW

It requires the names of prisoners and civilian internees to be assembled by the bureaus and mailed to the International Red Cross Agency to post them to interested nations and kin.

The prisoner will also fill out a card of advice with his name, rank, condition of health, and postal address of the camp which is sent to their kin when they reach their prison camp.

The prisoner is allowed to receive an unlimited amount of mail and can send a limited amount of letters depending on what country they were held. -treated humanely-need to be treated appropriately

What were the causes that led to WW2

1. Treaty of Versailles

2. Hyperinflation

3. League of Nation

4. Aggression of Japan (invaded Manchuria)

5. Aggression of Italy (invaded Ethiopia)

6. Aggression of Germany

7. Policy of Appeasement

Treaty of Versailles-include what it was and how it led to WW2

The 1919 peace treaty that ended World War I, which imposed heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany. Because of this, Germany got rly mad-unjustness was actually one of Hitler’s major platforms (cause a lot of the ppl had felt wronged cause they thought they were winning and to just suddenly find out that they lost and became the scapegoat was hard to accept yk)

These reoperations also caused major debt and inflation in Germany

They also lost some land and they wanted it back

The war guilt clause (basically made Germany take all responsibilities and guilt for the war starting) resulted in a loss of pride within Germany.

Hyperinflation-include def + how a cause of WW2

An extremely high and typically accelerating inflation rate, such as that experienced in Germany from 1918 to 1923.

This occurred because Germany started printing money in order to pay off their debt that they had to pay for the war (like billions). Therefore, by the fall of 1923, it actually cost more to print money (or a note) than it was actually worth.

Also, a quick thing to note, most of the hyperinflation got rly bad in 1923 within a couple of months

League of Nations-include def + how a cause of WW2

An international organization founded after World War I to promote peace and cooperation, but weakened by the absence of the U.S.

America not being in it only left it to depend on Britain and France, but they weren’t willing to fight another war. Therefore, many aggressor countries were still able to expand their territory and invade other countries simply because they knew that the League (specifically Britain and France) wouldn’t do anything to stop them.-League essentially became useless.

We can see this when Japan attacked Manchuria in 1931 and when Italy attacked Ethiopia in 1935.

Therefore, Hitler was convinced that the League wouldn’’t stop him either if he attacked-cause they didn’t stop Italy or Japan yk

Aggression of Japan (invasion of Manchuria)-include what led to it as well-in terms of causes of WW2

• By the 1920s, Japan was overpopulated and had very few resources-probs not enough to go around

• So, they needed land to expand (imperialism) for more resources to go around

• Therefore, in 1931, they invaded the Chinese province Manchuria with the goal of conquering the rest of China as well

• They ended up rapidly expanding thru China but eventually reached a stalemate for a while

• The invasion and conflict however continued until the Japanese surrender at the end of WW2

• THE LEAGUE DID NOTHING-proved to Hitler that League wouldn’t do anything if he wanted to invade/start a war

Aggression of Italy (invasion of Ethiopia)-include what led to it as well-in terms of causes of WW2

• Italy was also angry about the Treaty of Versailles-they had been promised land (Dalmatia) but didn’t get it

• Not only that, but the people had also started to blame the democratic government for the unemployment that was going on at the time (due to the depression)

• Therefore, it led to Benito Mussolini and his fascist party being elected

• Mussolini became a dictator, and decided to attack Ethiopia (a kingdom in Africa) in order to end the depression-the whole idea of war brings riches cause more resources and land and stuff

• and once again..the league did NOTHINGG (they did impose economic sanctions but they were not supported so it didn’t have any effect in the end)

Aggression of Germany

• Hitler became the leader of the Nationalist Socialist Party (better known as the Nazi party)

• He and most other people in Germany blamed the Treaty of Versailles for al the problems happening in Germany

• He also lamed other races, particularly Jews, for all their problems as well

• They blamed all these people because Germans were just really angry about everything going on-inflation, shock and loss of pride after losing the war, etc. and were eager to have someone to blame

Policy of Appeasement-include what it was + how a cause of WW2

• Giving a person or party whatever they want in order to prevent conflict

• Hitler saw that both Japan and Italy got away with invading other countries because the allied countries wanted to avoid conflict

• SO…. Hitler decided that he was also going to invade other countries because Germany lost land and he thought he could get away with it

Who were the key players of WW2?

• It was the Axis and Allied powers

Axis Powers: (Germany, Italy, Japan)

• Adolf Hitler

• Benito Mussolini

• Hideki Tojo

Allied Powers (UK, France, America, USSR)

• Neville Chamberlain-UK-beginning

• Winston Churchill-Britain

• Charles De Gaulle-France

• Franklin Roosevelt-America-beginning

• Harry Truman-America

• Joseph Stalin-USSR

Adolf Hitler-include beliefs, when he gained power and kinda his plan + what he was known as

Leader of the Nazi Party who became Chancellor of Germany in 1933 and initiated World War II.

• He was the Head of the 3rd Reich (like an era it was the 3rd era of prosperity for Germany that’s what he called it-the successor to prev German empires)

• He believed in a “master race”-the Aryan race (blonde hair blue eyed German)

• Wanted to unite all German-speaking people

• He was also Anti Communist-believed in private property with strong governmental control-more of a dictatorship

• He was known as “Das Fuhrer”

Benito Mussolini-include what he did/who he was, how he maintained control, what he was known as and his beliefs

Italian dictator who led the Fascist movement and established a totalitarian (totalitarian means basically prohibiting opposition to the government) state.

• Had an army known as the Black Shirt Army-cause that was their uniform.

• This army helped him maintain control and stuff + supported his rise to power

• He was known as Il Duce-The Chief

• He was also anti-communist and private property with strong governmental control-shared belief with Hitler

Hideki Tojo-include who he was, when he gained power, what he did + why

Japanese general who became Prime Minister of Japan during World War II and played a key role in militaristic expansion.

• Took control of Japan in 1941

• Militant Japanese general

• He pushed for vast colonial empire stretching from China to Thailand-wanted to gain more land and expand Japan’s territory basically

• He was the one who organized the attack on earl Harbor

Winston Churchill-include wo he was, what he was known for, what he did, when he gained power, and what he was good at/strength ig

British Prime Minister known for his leadership during World War II and his defiance against Hitler's aggression.

• He criticized Chamberlains (former PM of UK) policies towards Hitler (I think this is referring to the Policy of Appeasement where its like anything to make u happy)

• Became PM during the war (1940)

• Was a strong ally to the US

• Also a powerful public speaker (well spoken-even won the Nobel prize for literature-educated) which ended up helping rally troops to fight German aggression

Franklin D. Roosevelt-include who he was, when he gained power, what he implemented + what that did, what he did, and also a disease he had

U.S. President during the Great Depression and much of World War II; implemented the Lend-Lease program.

• He was the president thru most of the war-died in 1945

• The Lend Lease program he implemented helped Allies prior to US entry in the war-cause just like WW1, they saw it as European conflict near the beginning and didn’t wanna get involved. Alr because of the program, in 1940, he was essentially doing everything but offering actual military support to great Britain

• He also signed and order to intern Japanese after the attack on Pearl arbor (Japanese attack pearl Harbor)

Note: Internment means that they (Japanese Americans) were deported and imprisoned in internment camps. Specifically, interment means: The forced imprisonment or confinement of people, often without a fair trial, usually during a time of war or crisis.

• He also had Polio and struggled to use his legs

Harry Truman-include who he was, when he gained power, and what he did

Vice President under FDR (Franklin D Roosevelt) who assumed the presidency and made the decision to drop the atomic bombs on Japan.

• Became president at the end of the war

• Made the decision to drop the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Joseph Stalin-include who he was, what his goals were, what he did,

Leader of the Soviet Union whose totalitarian regime was marked by repression and the signing of a non-aggression pact with Germany.

• He was waiting for a world wide communism revolution

• He used the Great Purge (basically he got rly paranoid abt losing power so he just killed anyone he thought were “enemies”-which was basically everyone) in the 1930s to clear out enemies from the country

• In 1939, he signed a nonaggression pact with Germany (they planned to divide Poland once they conquered it)

• However, Germany broke the pact, which led to them opening up the Eastern Front of the war-started eastern part of war with Russia cause war was being fought at western front at the time

What was happening in Canada in 1939?-specifically with Canadian ppl

Canadians were feeling optimistic because Canada was starting to climb out of the depression and unemployment and homelessness were declining and the economy was beginning to expand.

What did Germany do in terms of their armed forces?

They started building their armed forces despite the treaty of Versailles-weren't supposed to.

Germany since the end of WW1 was getting more and more unhappy with the terms of the Treaty-specifically the war guilt clause and having to pay huge damages (reparations)

What did Germany do in order to pay off the money that the treaty of versailles wanted to make them pay?

They printed large amounts or money in the 1920s which led to inflation and the value of German currency spiraling. Basically, German money became almost worthless

What did the world/Europe/other countries do to control the inflation? What went wrong?

Britain, France and the US agreed to decrease the reparations and also lent Germany some money.

However, when the global stock amrk3t crashed in 1929 (great depression) the German economy was completely ruined.

What was public sentiment in Germany after the stock market crashed and horrible economy in the early 1930s?

By the early 1930s, German ppl were crushed by poverty and had lost all confidence in the government. Since they were so desperate, they ere willing to follow anyone who could solve their problems.

Describe how Hitler gained popularity -include how he took control as well and what he became plus how he ran the country. Also include what he brought to Germany

Him and the Nazi party claimed that they had the solutions to make Germany a great nation again.

Hitler had been gaining support since 1923 due to him criticizing the Treaty of Versailles and the German government-were the views of the ppl.

By March 1933, Hitler and the Nazi Party had managed to win control of the German parliament and had abolished all other political parties in the country.

Hitler became the Furher or leader-a dictator with absolute power. No one could oppose him without severe punishment.

He brought fascism to Germany, and fascist governments often select scapegoats (groups to Balmer for the country's problems)

What did Hitler do once he rose to power?

• He defied the terms of the Treaty of Versailles by stopping all reparation payments and expanding the armed forces-this caused the economy to slowly improve

• The Nazi Secret Service also imprisoned any opponents who criticized the Nazi party

• They were also racist-members believed that German ppl were a master race composed of Aryans -non Aryans-”Gypsies”, Jews and Slavs, were considered inferior

• They also discriminated against homosexuals and disabled ppl

Why and how did Germany take an offensive in the beginnings of WW2

• In 1936, Germany took an offensive outside their borders-Hitler wanted to bring all German ppl together (cause separated after WW1 treaty of Versailles and stuff-German ppl who spoke German were now in a new country called smth else but still considered themselves German yk).

• He also wanted to expand Germany’s “living space” to accommodate the Aryan race

• He ordered troops into Rhineland, along Germany’s western border (a area that was demilitarized by the Treaty of Versailles)

• However, even when they did this, Western countries didn’t protest-wanted to make concessions in order to maintain peace (called appeasement)

What did the whole appeasement thing that Western countries did when Germany deployed troops at their Western border cause Hitler to do?

• This made Hitler even bolder, and in 1938, he took over Austria (A German speaking country)

• He then even had the audacity to demand the right to take over Sudetenland (German speaking region in western Czechoslovakia)

• In September of 1938, France and Britain actually agreed to this demand and Hitler promised that it would be is last territorial claim. Even Canada supported the decision because it brought peace

• This agreement was called the Munich agreement

What did Hitler do on March 1939?

• Hitler took over the rest of Czechoslovakia without asking

• Because of this, the world started to fear that he wouldn’t stop, and the final straw came in 1939-Hitler and Joseph Stalin (leader of the Soviet Union) formed a non-aggression pact-promised not to fight each other if war broke out and made a deal to split Poland between them

What did Germany did on September 1939? How was this a factor that led to WW2?

• German troops invaded Poland with a Blitzkrieg (a military tactic)

• Britain and France ordered Germany out of Poland, but Germany ignored them-Therefore, Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3
  

And, side note, since Italy was allied with Germany and was also fascist in 1936-1937, Britain and France were at war with Italy as well

How did Canada declare war?-also what was Canadian sentiment abt joining the war

• By this point, Canada was independent and therefore had to decide whether or not to join another war-in like WW1 where Britain declared war on Canada’s behalf

• Many Canadians were isolationists-reluctant to be drawn into world events and Mackenzie King (The PM at the time) didn’t want t go to war again, but also thought that it was an opportunity to show the world what an important contribution it could make

• Canada also brought the War Measures Act in again before it was even involved in the war-gave the government extreme power

• And in the end, Canada’s House of Commons ended up declaring war on Germany only 7 days after Great Britain and France (September 10, 1939)

Hitlers fam + birth, when did he move to Germany, familial relationship, when did him and his fam move to Germany, where did he move to when older + profession, when did his mom die and the cause, what happened after this, and what led to him having anti-Semitic views?

born April 20, 1889 in Austria-Hungary to Alois Hitler and Klara Polzl

Was the fourth of six children born to the couple (three died in infancy)

Moved with his family to Germany at age 3

Had a tense relationship with his family

Moved to Vienna and lived a bohemian life as a painter

Applied to Vienna’s Academy of Fine Arts but was rejected twice

After the second rejection, Hitler’s mother died of breast cancer at age 47

He ran out of money and was forced to live in homeless shelters and hostels

At the time Hitler lived there, Vienna was a hotbed of religious prejudice and racism

It was feared that immigrants from the East (particularly Jews) would take over Western Europe

Hitler read many anti-Semitic newspapers while living there

Historians say that it is difficult to pinpoint exactly when Hitler “became” anti-Semitic but there is general agreement that it was before the end of WW1

What did Hitler do after the war (WW1)?

After the war, Hitler returned to Germany

With no career or education, he remained in the army

In 1919, Adolf Hitler joined a small political party known as the German Workers Party(Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or DAP)

In 1920 Hitler began working full-time for the party, which had grown and changed its name to the Nationalist Socialist German Workers’ Party-Nazi party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeitepartei)

What were the ideals/beliefs of the Nazi paltform?

The Nazi party’s political platform (main ideals) included:

1. Crush Marxism(communism)

2. Oppose the Weimar republic (German government at the time)-thought government betrayed country cause thought they didn’t lose

-cause blinded so didn’t see the loss on the battlefield cause went back home-stab in the back myth-believed in it

3. Oppose the Treaty of Versailles

4. Promote the Stab in the back myth from the end of the Great War

5. Oppose the Jewish stranglehold over the German economy and politics 

Only pure Aryans could be members of the Nazi party, and were forbidden from socializing with Jews in any way  

What was hyperinflation, when + why did it occur, and what was the result for Germany?

Germany’s economy suffered tremendously during the Great Depression

Hyperinflation of the Deutsche Mark (German dollar) peaked through 1921-1923

Hyperinflation: when more money is printed to try to combat widespread poverty, decreasing the value of money and increasing prices in general

Result: The German mark became almost valueless

Who was Hitler inspired by and what did that leader do?

Hitler was inspired by the authoritarian leader of Italy, Benito Mussolini

Mussolini became the leader of Italy in 1924

Mussolini led Italy using a distinct form of radical right-wing authoritarianism called fascism-this was the beginning of fascism and the movement in Europe

Fascism points/ideals/beliefs

Extremely right wing-dictatorship/conservative Ultranationalism (extreme patriotism)

Totalitarian Government has total control over all aspects of society-like elections, police-control over pop, military-again to control the ppl and have more power, media-for brainwashing etc., personal freedoms-where u could live, what u could eat, etc., education-keep them uneducated or what they want them to learn, religion

Belief in racial hierarchy

Appeal to a frustrated middle class (populism)

Blaming minority groups and immigrant as the cause of all problems (scapegoating)

Obsession with national security and fear-mongering-  exaggerating dangers to instill fear in populace to control them better

“Macho”, larger than life dictatorship (personality cult)-charismatic, this belief that they’re amazing and that they'll bring a bright future-idolizing them

Persecution (attack) of anyone not part of the traditional majority

Disagreement of opposition is criminalized

Anti-intellectual-educated ppl might go against government so yk

Promotion of violence

Desire to restore nation to the lost “golden age”-specifically the idea that smh great as been taken away by immigrants or other ethnic groups and only the leader can recover what was lost

EATBOMBDADPlsPls

What happened to Hitler in 1923 and why, what did eh do during this time and what significance did what he did have

Hitler served a year in prison for leading the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923 (tried to overthrow the government!)-Hitler tried to follow in Mussolini's footsteps-only in for one year

During his time in prison, he wrote his autobiography, “Mein Kampf” (My Struggle)

The book laid out Hitler's plans for transforming German society-becomes his important to his platform

When released from prison, Hitler promised that he would only seek political power in a legal way (democratic election)

When the stock market crashed in 1929, Hitler and the Nazis used it as a way to promise to strengthen the economy, create jobs, and abolish the Treaty of Versailles-restore Germany to what it was b4 ww1

What happened with the Nazi party in 1932? What role was Hitler given?

1932: Hitler and the Nazis democratically won 33% of the vote

He was then appointed Chancellor, the leader of Germany (comparable to our Prime Minister) 

What happened in 1933 in Germany and how did Hitler use this event to his advantage?

February 1933: Reichstag Fire – German parliament went up in flames

Hitler and the Nazis blamed communists

It is still unknown who started the Reichstag Fire, although many believe it was the Nazis - they used it as a way to further persecute communists and to suspend certain rights

Hitler capitalized on it as a way to pass the Enabling Act

What act did Hitler pass and what did this do to the German government + what did Hitler do with this act eventually

Hitler then passed the Enabling Act which transformed Germany’s government into a dictatorship-basically can pass any laws without parliament approval and even laws that go against constitution-so dictatorship and easily was able to kick out other parties of parliament

Using his new power, Hitler eventually wiped out all other political parties

What happened from June-July 1934 (what did Hitler do)

June 30 – July 2, 1934

Also known as “Operation Hummingbird”

Hitler and his allies conducted a purge in Germany

Political rivals were assassinated-still support Hitler tho since they think whatever he does is gonna make things better-even if he kills a bunch ppl-brainwashed

How did Hitler gain power/support from the ppl (what belief did he spread to make this happen), what happened in Germany after Hitler started ruling (more in terms of economy), ad what did Hitler make his goal in 1933, and what did he do from then on until the start of WW2

Hitler said that he was unable to improve life for Germans and pass any meaningful laws unless he had total control

He aligned himself with the Centre Party in order to get the 66% vote that he needed

Hitler got enough support and the Enabling Act was passed, thus giving him total control

Under Hitler’s leadership, life in Germany improved immensely-only for Aryans tho

Unemployment fell from 6 million in 1932 to 1 million 1936 Infrastructure was improved – roads, bridges, railways, Autobahn-cause giving building jobs to ppl

Began production on the “People’s Car” – literal translation: Volkswagen

1933: Hitler spoke of his goal for Lebennsraum (“living space”)

Wanted to expand Germany’s borders to make room for a  pure, superior Aryan race

From this point onward, Hitler continuously annexed (took over) various territories of Europe until the start of World War II (September 1939)

Battle of the Atlantic-Include when it started, how it began, casualties, the response (from allies and Canada) and also add significance

• Happened first-started 1939

• Began when a German submarine sunk a Montreal bound passenger ship-SS Athena, west of Ireland

• 118 Canadian passengers were killed-not military but civilians

• Canada and the allies responded by escorting merchant ships and sinking U Boats

• No Canadian ship could sail without the Royal Canadian Navy's authority and direction (need permission)

Significance

• By the end of the war, Canada had the world's third largest navy (significant because Canada wasn't a big or significant country at the time like considering places like Japan, China, Britain, etc were involved so it was rly big to have the world's 3rd largest navy)

• 6500 women served in the RCN-women weren’t rly involved in wars b4 so important

• More than 25 000 merchant ship voyages were made-means the Allies were able to successfully defend the supply routes despite heavy attacks and German U-Boats-were able to deliver food and things to Britain (main target early on) to keep the war effort going and also proved the advancements in ships and navy stuff because we were able to avoid German U Boats -also helped in success of Britain because of the whole able to get supplies thing

• Sank 50 U boats-more than b4 and stuff it means better navy and increased tech to be able to take them down

• The longest continuous military campaign of WW2-lasted basically all of the war-ended in 1945

Battle of Dunkirk-include when it began, what the war was called up until that point. Also include the battle plan for Germany (what it was called + what it was), the Operation in the battle for Britain (what it was called, what happened/what it was) also add significance. Also, what did everyone think abt how the war was going so far?-up to this point

• Happened 2nd-started 1940

• There Was no real action for the allies over the winter of 1939-1940, so some ppl started calling it the “phony war”

• But in April of 1940, the Germans invaded Denmark and Norway, the Netherlands and Belgium

Mainstein plan

• Germans invade and conquer France quickly using a Schlieffen plan “fake”

• Allies attempt to defend but Germans push them back to the beach (Dunkirk France)

• British, French and Belgian troops were cut off by the German army

Operation Dynamo

• Winston Churchill ordered evacuation of troops from seaport town of Dunkirk (“A colossal military disaster”)

• They had to abandon everything on the beach

• Between May 27 and June 4, 338 226 soldiers brought back to Britain-were rescued by big and little boats-civilian boats, merchant ships, etc. for small-(basically any boat civilians had that could float and would help) and big military destroyer ships, warships, and military ships from the British Royal Navy and things like that for the bigger ones

• However, it (the evacuation) moved rly slowly tho because they were like almost constantly under fire by Germany and they were on a beach so they moved rly slowly

Significance

• 3/5 of France now under German control

• all captured French become POWs-prisoners of war

At this point everyone thought Germany would win-cause they were so successful in this battle and absolutely destroyed Britain plus they were kinda ruling the seas and had that under control cause of their u boats so they had the upper hand there too yk so everyone thought Germany was going for the win for sureee

Also, fact: Hitler only decided to spare Allies when he had them cornered because he still believe he could make a truce/deal with Britain

also this is like dun dun dun (in Dunkirk haha) because it went super bad for the Allies or French were dun for

Battle of Britain-include when it began, what Hitlers goal was, what Hitler did (politically), what the battle objective was + what the battle was in general, and how the battle went. Also include the Germans plan (name + when it started and what it was) and also include the significance

• Happened in August of 1940 so it was the third battle

• Following Dunkirk and the French surrender, Hitler was mainly focused on the possibilities of invading The Soviet Union (to take over all of Europe yk) while believing the British defeated on the continent and without European allies, would quickly come to terms-Britain was defeated and had no powerful allies-France gone, etc.

• Hitler offered peace, on his terms, but Churchill turned him down

• The air campaign waged by the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) against Britain

• After Germany’s success in France (Dunkirk) Britain knew it would be next

• Battle objective was to gain air superiority over the British Royal Air Force (RAF)

• At the start, the Luftwaffe outnumbered the RAF, but the British had a homefield advantage and held back the Germans

• By September, Germans changed tactics and started to focus on destroying London, not the RAF-wanted to crush British morale (also RAF was doing damage at this point-bombed Berlin and Hitler got super mad and retaliated by bombing London instead of RAF)-called Blitzkrieg i think)

• However this didn't work-British morale only grew-cause Churchill was rly good public speaker-gave inspiring speeches, and also, this was a huge tactical error on Germany’s end because it gave the RAF time to regroup, rebuild, and strengthen their defenses even more)

Operation Sea Lion

• German plan to invade Britain

• Would start in July with controlling the air and follow with a cross-channel invasion in September (an invasion across the English Channel — the body of water between France and Britain.)

• Never launched by September, clear that the Luftwaffe wasn't controlling the sky

Significance

• First major campaign to be fought entirely by air forces and was the largest and most sustained aerial bombing campaign until that date

• Germany was unable to overwhelm British air force-Hitler needed control of the air to launch Operation Sea Lion (the planned invasion of Britain). But Since the RAF held strong, the invasion never happened — it was a major turning point in the war-British airforce established themselves as superior and dint allow Germany to get control over the skies

It's also kinda the beginning of what modern warfare is now-with drones and stuff

Overall this battle went pretty good for Britain

Battle of Barbarossa-include when + which battle, what the plan was, how big the Germany army was and why, notable thing abt the battle as a whole, why this battle happened in the first place-what made them decide to initiate, specifically how much military resources in terms of troops, tanks and aircrafts were going into this, how did the battle go at first and what went wrong, when did it end and also ad the significance

• 4th battle-June 1941

• Operation Barbarossa was actually the code name for Nazi Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union that began on June 22, 1941

• Over 4.5 million troops of the Axis power had invaded the Soviet Union-an over time number they didn’t go in with this much right off the bat. Also, this huge number was because the USSR was so big at the time and had so many troops it was strength in numbers for them yk that’s what made their military so powerful so Germany tried to match

• It was the largest military offensive in history

• Remember, in 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union had signed a “Non Aggression Treaty” and had a secret plan to split Poland between themselves (if Germany invaded Poland USSR would too and then they’d split it-which they did i think). However, obv, Hitler didn’t keep his word and in his pursuit of more land launched Operation Barbarossa.

• Quick note, like mentioned b4, Hitler at this point broke their deal because he wanted to conquer ALL of Europe so he thought oh Britain and all the other ill be beat easy peasy since things had been going so well for Germany’s-had already conquered most of europe atp, thus far so he was getting cocky and confident that he was gonna win. But the USSR was in the way and insted of compromising Hitler got greedy and decided to conquer them too. This also lined up with his anti-commnst feelings and Russia was communist at this point o he saw that as a win too to take them over

• Hitlers goal at this point was the rapid conquest of the European part of the Soviet Union

• The assault compromised of 3 million troops, 3500 tanks, and 1800 aircrafts

• Tactically, the Germans had won some resounding victories in the battle and occupied some of the most important economic areas of the country (Russia)

• Germany also ended up killing 2 million Russian soldiers and taking over 1 million POWs

• However, by winter, the Germans were in trouble-lacked supplies and manpower

• Hitler expected Moscow to fall quickly, however fierce resistance drove Germans back into icy plains. His army was left out in the bitter cold without resources for winter warfare.-Germans in general were not adequately prepared for the harsh winter of Russia unlike the Russian soldiers-German soldiers literally freezed to death or starved

• And because of this, in July 1943, Germany was finally beaten

Significance:

• Ended Germany’s military's good fortune

• This battle greatly helped allies since Germany was hit so hard from the effects of this battle-Germany took a huge hit in terms of supplies, manpower, etc. since they had put so much into this operation and battle.

Pearl Harbor-include when it happened/what battle, what occurred because of the battle/significance, why it happened/background info, the casualties-in terms of ppl and military supplies, and how the US officially entered the war + when

• This battle can basically be summed up as Japan attacks US navy to weaken it so US joins the war-it gets personal

• Anyway it was pretty bad for America navy took a huge hit cause they were NOT anticipating it at ALL-weren’t even involved in the war yk

• December 7 1941-5th battle

• US/Japanese relations had been tense since Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931-The US had territorial and economic interests in Asia that they wanted to protect

• Roosevelt slowly began economic warfare on Japan (and Germany), and in 1940, the US even loaned China over $100 million

• The Japanese responded with the Tripartite pact with Germany and Italy-bound the countries to mutual defense if attacked by any new enemies (eg. the US)

• In July of 1941, Japan invaded Indo-China, and the US cut off 90% of Japan’s oil supply. Therefore, Japan only had enough oil for 18 months. SO what did they do? They either give in or take oil from the Dutch East Indies

• Japan knew that the US had the strongest navy, and they needed to even the score if they wanted to have a chance of winning. So, they came up with a plan to destroy the US at Pearl Harbor-also, if they wanted oil from the Dutch East Indies, they had to make sure America wouldn’t interfere with their invasion like they had b4-america was an obstacle in their way and they wanted to weaken it with Pearl harbor-allowed them to buy time in order to invade the indies and other southeast Asian colonies for resources like oil, etc.

• On December 7, 1941, after peace talks had failed, the Japanese put the plan into action. They launched a two-wave attack so that US ships would be unprepared. And by the end, 8 battleships, 10 warships and 349 aircraft were severely damaged.

• 2400 Americans died

• However, Japan still didn’t get 3 important aircraft carriers or oil reserves

• The US declared war on Japan on December 8, 1941 (BUT NOT GERMANY!!). However, GERMANY declared war on the US(because of the treaty) on December 11, 1941. Therefore, this led to US officially entering the war (WW2)

Significance:

• It was the reason the US entered WW2

Hong Kong-include when started, what happened, how long it lasted, casualties and significance

• Canada fails to protect Hong Kong-bad

• December 8, 1941-December 25, 1941-6th battle

• Japan had invaded China in the early 1930s and was now looking to gain control of more land in South East Asia

• 2 Canadian battalions were sent to try and protect Hong Kong (a British colony at the time)

• Allies knew it would be almost impossible to stop Japan if they attacked-they lacked the troop members and military resources

• Battle lasted 17.5 days

• Canadians were captured on Christmas day 1941 by the Japanese army

• 290 Canadians were killed in action and 500 more wounded

• Those who survived were POWs-246 died as POWs (really bad conditions in camps-were tortured and stuff-didn’t “recognize” Geneva convention)

Significance

• This was the first Canadian combat during WW2

Battle of Dieppe-include when started/which battle, how it went-good or bad, why it happened/occurred, what operation was planned by Britain-what it was called, what it included/what was planned, when was the operation launched, how did it go and why, and also include significance

• Failed because it was a half-planned experiment (bad)

• Started August 1942-7th battle

• Soviet Union was carrying almost the full weight of German attack-Wanted the Allies to open a second front so that Soviets could get some relief

• Britain and colonies were outraged by the fall of Hong Kong-but 1st before charging in, they wanted to test German coastal defenses along French coast at Dieppe to see how the Germans responded

Operation Jubilee

• Quick punch to scare Nazis, get info, and get back to Britain

• There were no battle ships OR bombers to loosen defenses

• The info was to be used for a large scale invasion later

• August 19, 1942, Canadians landed on the beach but Germans were ready and the attack was a huge failure-meant for it to be a surprise attack but legit wasn’t?-had bad planning + poor timing+ bad luck-some allied ships ran into a German convoy b4 reaching shore-alerted the Germans. they underestimated Germany too severely and Germany was PREPAREDD like they had the tools and strong defenses and the Canadians legit didn’t even have the element of surprise. Overall, it was a colossal military failure and a huge mistake on he part of the allies to the point where some ppl even called that day a massacre since Canadian soldiers were just being killed so much and so easily

• 900 Canadians were killed, 1000 injured, and 1900 POWs

• The operation failed because it was an experimental invasion (horrible idea), poorly planned, inexperienced troops, no element of surprise

Significance

• Greatest disaster in Canadian military history

• Taught military leaders strong lesson that would be later used during D-Day

Battle of Stalingrad-include when started/what battle, when ended, what happened/what was it, what made it historically different/stand out ig, how did it start like what did they do to attack first, how did it go in general, what was the German operation called-also include what it was what happened, and also incldue signifciance

• Germany loses in Stalingrad-good

• Started in August 23, 1942-Feb 2, 1943-8th battle

• It was considered the turning point in the war

• A major battle of WW2 in which Nazi Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad

• Was one of the bloodiest battler in the history of warfare

• The German offensive began with Luftwaffe (German air force) bombing that reduced much of the city to rubble-kinda like what they did in Britain

• The fighting turned into hand-to-hand combat and both sides poured reinforcements into the city

• By mid November 1942, the Germans had pushed the Soviet defenses back

Operation Uranus

• A 2 pronged attack targeting the weaker axis powers (Italy and stuff)

• The Axis forces were cut off and surrounded in the Stalingrad area

• Hitler ordered that the army stay in Stalingrad and make no attempt to break out

• Instead, attempts were made to supply the by air and to break the encirclement from the outside

• Heavy fighting continued for another 2 months, and by the beginning of Feb 1943, the Axis forces in Stalingrad had exhausted their ammunition and food

• I also think that because of this German soldiers did ask to retreat but Hitler was like nah ur either winning or dying there so ya huge casualties and a huge loss for Germany

• The remaining German troops surrendered

Significance

• Marked the end of Germany’s eastern advance and was the first major German loss in WW2-cause even tho Barbarossa was bad by the end went rly good at the beginning for Germany so this is when the tides like rly turn this was an actual frfr loss

• Led to later allied victory (ties of war tipped in favor of the alliesss!!)

Italian Campaign/Invasion of Italy-include when started/what battle, why happened, what date it begins, what happens in Italy around the time of this campaign, the battle name-include who fought by, what happened, when ended and casualties. Also include significance

• Italy switches sides (good)

• 1943-9th battle

• By 1943, Italy was showing signs of weakness and weakened support for the war

• Churchill wanted to invade Italy in order to open access to the Mediterranean and weaken the Axis powers

• September 3, 1943, allied troops land in Sicily

• Italians actually end up disposing of their fascist leader, Mussolini, and the new government sides with the Allies (this is like in July so b4 allies land))

Battle of Ortona

• A small yet extremely fierce battle fought between Germans and the Canadian infantry

• Hitler ordered his troops to defend Ortona at all costs

• Germans put up a viscous fight but in December 28, the depleted German troops finally withdraw from the town

• 1375 Canadians dead

Significance

• Canadians played a major role in Ortona by helping to defeat Italy and weaken the axis power

• Italy switches sides and now supports the allies

D-Day/Normandy-what happened, when did it start/what battle, what was the goal of the allies, why did they decide to attack now,

what was the operation called-when did it begin, how many troops were deployed from each country, give a rundown of events (hour to hour).

How many soldiers landed and how many were Canadian, what obstacles did they face-and why able to overcome them now.., why was this special for Canada/what did Canada do right, casualties (Canadian) what happened after all this, when did battle end, and what was the significance

• Take back France (good)

• June 6, 1944-10th battle

• Goal: To rush beaches of Normandy and overcome German troops

• With Germany busy defending from Italy and Russia, the coastal defenses were weakened (fighting in Italian campaign continued until 1945)

Operation Overlord

• Occurred June 6, 1944 (D-Day)

• Troops build up in Southern Britain

• 1.25 million Americans, 1.25 million British, 30 000 Canadians

2:30AM

• 27 000 paratroopers (soldiers who parachute into combat zones) dropped behind enemy lines-started combat immediately

3:15AM

• 2000 bombers began first waves of bombing

5:30AM

• Allied warships started firing at German defenses

6:30AM

• First wave of US, British and Canadian troops landed

• Canadians were on Juno beach

• 14 000 soldiers landed, 100 Canadian ships with 10 000 Canadian sailors-faced underwater obstacles, land mines, barbed wire, and heavy machine gunfire from Germans-however we were insanely prepared ig after the Dieppe fight-sent a bunch of ppl (reinforcements), had a step by step plan, were VERY prepared overall

• Canada was the only allied group to meet all objectives

• 335 Canadians died

• Within a week, the allies had 300 000 troops safely on shore

• Within a month, 1 million allies had landed with 200 000 military vehicles

• German troops fought hard but were now faced with war on 2 fronts (eastern front with Russia (Stalingrad) and western front with the allies) and many Nazi soldiers were just 16 years old

• By August, Paris had fallen-had been occupied by the Germans but now liberated by the Allies, and once they did this, the Allies pushed relentlessly into Germany until they met up with Russian forces advancing from the east (23 April, 1945) (joined forces with Russians and effectively encircled Nazis)

• On May 7, 1945, the Nazis surrendered

Significance

• Major Canadian victory

• Learned from Dieppe mistakes

The Netherlands-include what happened, which battle, when, what the allies did + when they attacked (what month), what Canadians did, what the Soviet Union did, when Germany surrendered, and significance

• Netherlands are liberated-11th battle

• March-May 1945

• Once the allies (including Canadians) landed in Normandy (France), they worked their way inland

• An 11 month advance took them thru France and Belgium towards Germany

• March 1945, the main Allied force (Canada, Britain, US, stuff like that) attacked Germany

• Canadians were given the task of liberating the Netherlands-over 6300 Canadians were killed in the operation

• Dutch (a place in Netherlands) had suffered badly during the war and many were starving

• So, Canadians arranged for thousands of tones of food a day to be delivered to civilian’s

• Meanwhile, while the allies invaded Germany from the West, the Soviet Union attacked from the east

• Facing defeat, Germany surrendered on May 9, 1945

• Hitler and his wife, Eva, committed suicide rather than submit to the allies (last week of April)

Significance

• This marks the end of WW2

Quick note tho: In Asia, the US was still at war with Japan

In the timeline of the holocaust/progression of discrimination against Jews, what happened in 1933?

• This was when the Nazi party and Hitler seized power + bean their program against the Jews of Germany

• In 1933 there were 566,000 Jews (less than 1% of German pop) but when Germany gains territory throughout the war Jews are also in some of those territories-more control over territory=more control over Jews- cause some countries have more Jewish ppl in them) living in Germany-basically what I’m trynna say is that Jews=very little in Germany b4 war but after Germany gained more territory in Europe they also gained more Jews in Germany so they had more control over Jews in general

• Each new year in Germany led to harsher policies directed towards the Jews

What’s the next big event in 1933 after Hitler gaining control?-include what Nazis start doing to Jewish ppl, any decrees made, what the former leader of Germany did, and 2 more big events abt camps hint hint

• Nazis start boycotting Jewish businesses and banning them from working in places like the government

• There is a decree issued that defines “Non-Aryans”

• Hermann Goering (the leader b4 Hitler and ally to the Nazis) creates the GESTAPO, the Secret State Police (known for arresting ppl without trials, etc.-just put in jail. Putting them in jail eventually becomes putting them into concentration camps tho but this is when they’re founded)

• First concentration camps are built-at first not to hold Jewish ppl-was for communists and political enemies of Hitler-not for killing yet tho just harsh conditions and forced labor-no mass killings yet

• Dachau-the longest running concentration camp in WW2-isn’t closed until after war- used to hold German soldiers suspected for crimes against humanity-not used for killing them tho

In the timeline of the holocaust/discrimination against Jews, what happened in 1934?-what happens with Hitler, the military and another discrimination against Jews

• Jews are not allowed to have national health insurance anymore-makes difficult to access healthcare

• the SS (Schutzstaffel) is formed-paramilitary organization (an unofficial force that doesn’t answer to the army-separate military force that only answers to Hitler and close followers of him. These ppl eventually become supervisors for concentration camps-would also see ppl against Hitler)

• Hitler becomes Der Fuhrer and receives a 90% approval rating from the people–now has full control

In the timeline of the holocaust/discrimination against Jews, what happened in 1935?

The Nuremberg Race Laws:

• Stripped Jews of German citizenship

• Banned marriage and sexual relations between Jews and non-Jews

• Defined who was a "Jew" based on ancestry, not religion or beliefs

In the timeline of the holocaust/discrimination against Jews, what happened in 1936?-in terms of military, ppl and Germany as a country

• SS Deathshead division is created to guard camps

• Heinreich Himmler is appointed Chief of the German Police-person behind gas chambers, one of the main people behind the design of the holocaust

• Olympic games in Berlin, Jews treated better – briefly, Jews were also banned from competing

In the timeline of the holocaust/discrimination against Jews, what happened in 1937?-in terms of what happened to Jews-laws, propaganda, etc.

• Jews are not allowed to teach Germans, be accountants-can't control the money, or dentists

• “Eternal Jew” exhibit opened in Germany-this promoted stereo-types of Jews and “warned” Germans-this exhibit was basically just all the propaganda art

In the timeline of the holocaust/discrimination against Jews, what happened in 1938?-in terms of Nazis journey thru Europe, how the world is responding and how that turns out + again what discriminatory thign was set in place against Jews

• Nazi troops enter Austria

• League of Nations considers helping Jews fleeing Hitler, but no country will take them-antisemitism + strict immigration laws cause great depression-don’t want a higher population yk

• Jews are not allowed to practice medicine

Kristallnacht-what was it when did it happen in the timeline

• Night of Broken Glass

• Jewish stores, shops and synagogues burned down-7000/9000 were destroyed, a couple Jews were killed during this as well

• Took place because a German official was killed in Paris by a Jew

• November 9, 1938

In the timeline of the holocaust/discrimination against Jews, what happened in 1939?-in terms of what’s happening to Jewish ppl around this time-in terms of escaping, general discrimination, etc. Also incude stuff abt the Nazis invasion of europe

• Reinhard Heydrich is ordered to speed up emigration of Jews

• The St. Louis (boat) is turned away from the US.-also turned away from Cuba and Canada-1000 ppl on that ship-have to go to Europe-a lot of them return to countries invaded by Germany and are killed in the holocaust

• Jews must hand over all gold and silver

• Nazi troops seize Czechoslovakia

• 350 000 Jews were deported-other countries, concentration camps,

What happened in Poland in 1939 in the timeline?-in terms of Nazi invasion of Europe, progression of WW2, what happened to Jews and also what major event thing happened in Poland (in terms of leadership hint hint)

• Sept. 1, 1939 Nazis invade Poland-trigger for WW2

• 3.35 million Jews-lived in Poland

• Hans Frank becomes governor of Poland-Poland now under Nazi control-he was german and a Nazi official btw

• Forced labor decree issued and all Jews must wear yellow stars

In the timeline of the holocaust/discrimination against Jews, what happened in 1940?-specifically has to do with Poland as a hint

• German Jews are deported to Poland

• Ghettos of Lodz, Krakow and Warsaw (cities in Poland) are sealed off-walled them off-cramped, horrible conditions

• Total of 600,000 Jews put here and relocated there-came from all over

• These ghettos will be liquidated (killed everyone)

In the timeline of the holocaust/discrimination against Jews, what happened in 1941?-like what did Nazis do in their invasion, how did that relate to Jews, what order did hitler pass (any new laws hint hint) and what other groups were involved

• Nazis invade the Soviet Union-really into WW2 by this point

• Jewish population of 3 million here

• Hitler issues infamous “Commissar Order”-ordered German soldiers to execute any captured Soviet political commissars (official of the communist party) immediately.

• SS Einsatzgruppen (a killing squad basically that would just wipe out Jewish population as they went) follow advance of German Army-rounded ppl up, dug a big hole and shot everyone into it

Einsatzgruppen-what were they, what groups were they split into in the soviet union, what did they do between them and how any casualties occurred because of them

• SS “Special Action Groups” organized in early years of war by Reinhard Heydrich

• Heydrich organized 4 large groups (A, B, C, D) in Soviet Union

• Competition between group leaders to see who could kill the most Jews

• 1,300,000 Russian Jews killed by end of war just by these “mobile killing units”

Wannsee Conference-what happened, when happened and what happened as a result

• Heydrich was ordered by Hermann Goering (very high up in Nazi party-behind all the propaganda and brainwashing of the population) to prepare a “final solution” to the Jewish question

• Heydrich organized a meeting with 15 top Nazi officials in Berlin-Jan. 20, 1942

• Nazis would attempt to exterminate the entire Jewish population of Europe, an estimated 11 million persons

Reinhard Heydrich-nickname, wo he was (military wise), what he came up with + what his role was in that and accomplishment ig? and what that “accomplishment” shows abt his personnality

• Nicknamed “The Blond Beast” and “Hagman Heydrich”

• second in command of Gestapo and SS

• Principle planner of the Final Solution-came up with it

• Brigadier General in SS at the age of 30-super young

Heydrich and his Final Solution-what was it, what did it entail

• “Europe would be combed of Jews from East to West”-go over all of Europe

• “Madagascar Plan”-when they tried to relocate first- Nazi proposal to forcibly relocate all European Jews to the island of Madagascar-butt it never happened

• When they just decided to go to killing them all (this was the real final solution) he ordered Einsatzs to round up and kill Jews in occupied countries-anywhere with Nazi influence (which is a lot of places-USSR, France, Italy, etc.) -no more relocation just kill them all

• leader of RSHA (basically a secret police military thing-Nazi regime’s central security and intelligence agency)

What happened to Heydrich in 1942 and what happened as a result-how did the government respond + what did hitler call him?

• Heydrich got assassinated--Czech underground agents bombed his car

• SS hunted down and killed 1000 suspects-grabbed anyone who may have been involved

• Czech town of Lidice was liquidated

• Hitler called him “The man with the iron heart”

What was the final solution? How many phases did it involve?

“Now judgement has begun and it will reach its conclusion only when the knowledge of the Jews has been erased from the earth!” Nazi Newspaper-so final solution was to kill all Jews since the deportations and stuff didn’t rly work

there were 3 phases of the Nazi plan to wipe out the Jewish population of Europe

What was Phase 1 of the Final solution?

Shooting

• Jews were rounded up and told they were to be relocated

• They were taken to the woods and were shot one by one their bodies were buried in mass graves

What was Phase 2 of the Final solution? How many died this way?

Gas Vans-thought shooting was taking too long and too much ammo

Again, Jews were rounded up and told they were to be relocated in vans

The vans were equipped so that the van’s exhaust was piped back into the van-700 000 Jews killed this way

What were the problems with phases 1 and 2 of the final solution? What was done to fix them?

The Nazis encountered several problems with the executions and gas vans

First, they were both taking too much time

Second, resources such as gas and munitions were becoming scarce

Third, soldiers involved were beginning to have psychological problems with what they were doing

What was Phase 3 of the Final solution?

The Camps

Nazi leaders decided to drastically speed up the Final Solution + also to prevent/avoid the other problems they were facing with the other “solutions”--didn’t want soldiers to stop killing so they made it more indirect ig? Also like a mass thing to avoid using sm resources and in a faster way

There were two different types of camps-already existed they just changed their use:

1. CONCENTRATION CAMPS

2. EXTERMINATION CAMPS

Jews from all over occupied Europe were to be brought here

Concentration camps-how many were there, what were ppl in these camps forced to do, how long did they usually last, who was sent here and when did the first one open

• 100 of these in Nazi-occupied Europe

• prisoners used for forced labor

• prisoners usually lasted less than 1/2 year

• communists, homosexuals, criminals, social-democrats, artists

• First camp was opened in 1933, right after Nazis came to power

Ravensbruck concentration camp-what was it, who was it run by, what did the prisoners do, how many killed and ow many rescued + by who

• Camp for women only

• Run by German female guards who were often criminals or recruited from low social backgrounds

• Prisoners worked on remodeling furs

• 50,000 killed

• 14,000 rescued by Swedish diplomat Count Folke Bernadotte

Extermination camps-what did they start out as and what did they get modified wit and what were they referred to after the modification, what happened here, what were the 2 sub groups

• Started out as ordinary concentration camps

• later modified with gassing installations for use on humans, now “DEATH CAMPS”

two sub-groups:

1) Majdanek and Auschwitz, Birkenau

• These were multi-purpose camps-labor, concentration and death

2) Operation Reinhard camps and Chelmno

• These were the pure extermination camps-no forced labor just extermination

• “NAZIS GET CLOSE TO CREATING HELL ON EARTH!!!”-when Canada and allies went to liberate these places they said this

MAJDANEK camp-what was it, when made, why made, who sent and what did it have that made it an extermination camp

-Established in 1941 as a POW camp

-started its part in the Final Solution in 1942

-Jews, Poles and Soviet POW’s sent here

-had two gas chambers to exterminate

AUSCHWITZ-when did it start, what was it, what made it an extermination camp, what did they kill with, who ran it, how many died, what were they ordered to do here and why

Started operations in January 1940 (Poland)

-Himmler chose Auschwitz as the place for the Final Solution

-had 4 gas chambers/crematories by 1943

-mass killings with Zyklon B gas

-commanded by Rudolph Hoess

-recorded 12,000 kills in one day

- Ordered to take all possessions from Jews-hair-cut it, teeth with gold, glasses, etc.-low on resources so took everything they could

Dr. Josef Mengele-when did he arrive in Auschwitz, who was he there and what did he do + what was his nickname

Arrived in Auschwitz in May of 1943

-SS Doctor who had power of life/death-could do whatever he wanted

performed medical experiments on Jewish children

Nicknamed Angel of Death

MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS in the camps-what types of experiments happened and how did he kill patients

Sterilization of men and women

-endurance of pain to high and low temperatures and pressure

-experiments on twins to increase number of multiple births to Aryan women

-injections of phenol to kill patients

-Dr. Mengele attempted to sew children together to make conjoined twins

SECT

OPERATION REINHARD-what was it, what was the timeline, who was it named after, where was it carried out, and what was like the idea of it, how many died

Largest single massacre of Holocaust

-March 1942-November 1943

-named after Reinhard Heydrich

-carried out at three camps, run by the SS-Einsatz

-every Jew that arrived at one of the camps would be dead in 2 hours.

-Total of 1,700,000 Jews killed