NURS 261 Exam 1: Key Terms on Health Equity & Culture

NURS 261 Exam 1

health

a dynamic balance of physical, emotional, social, spiritual, and intellectual health.

wellness

a conscious, self-directed, and evolving process of achieving full potential. multi-dimensional and holistic, encompassing lifestyle, mental and spiritual well-being, and the environment. positive and affirming.

wellness dimension: occupational

personal satisfaction and enrichment in one's life through work; attitude about one's work.

wellness dimension: emotional

express feelings freely and manage feelings effectively. forms an interdependent relationship founded on mutual commitment, trust, and respect.

wellness dimension: spiritual

action consists of beliefs, values, and tolerance of others' beliefs.

wellness dimension: intellectual

actively striving to expand and challenge the mind with creative endeavors.

wellness dimension: social

willful choices to enhance personal relationships and important friendships. build a better living space and community.

wellness dimension: physical

striving to achieve a healthy body through exercise, nutrition, sleep, etc.

quality of life

a concept aiming to capture the well-being (population or individual) regarding both positive and negative elements within the entirety of their existence at a specific point in time. a younger patient's QOL is different than an older patient's QOL.

physical well-being

functional ability, strength or fatigue, sleep and rest, overall physical health, and fertility.

social well-being

family distress, roles and relationships, affection/sexual function, appearance, enjoyment, isolation, finances, and work.

psychological well-being

control, anxiety, depression, enjoyment/leisure, cognition/attention, fear of recurrence, and distress of diagnosis and treatment control.

spiritual well-being

meaning of illness, religiosity, hope, uncertainty, inner strength, and transcendence.

clinical model of health

the absence of the disease and the presence of signs and symptoms of the disease. prevention not emphasized. focus on disease and provider.

holistic model of health

the sum of all dimensions. evaluated by how it impacts the whole functioning. multiple disciplines to address health. prevention emphasized. focus on the whole person (person-centered approach).

primary prevention

precedes disease or dysfunction; health promotion/protection; prevention!!

secondary prevention

avert or delay consequences of advanced disease; early diagnosis (screen), prompt treatment, and disability limitation.

tertiary prevention

defect or disability is permanent and irreversible; restoration and rehab; treatment.

culture

languages, customs, beliefs, rules, arts, knowledge, and collective identities and memories developed that make their social environments meaningful.

culture examples

a shared system of beliefs, values, and behavioral expectations, provides social structure for daily living, defines roles and interactions with others and in families and communities, apparent in the attitudes and institutions unique to the culture, and can have subcultures with characteristics not common to the larger culture.

cultural competence

cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, and cultural skills.

cultural competence examples

developing self-awareness, demonstrating knowledge and understanding of a patient's culture, accepting and respecting cultural differences, etc.

literacy

the ability to understand, evaluate, use, and engage with written texts to participate in society, achieve one's goals, and develop one's knowledge and potential.

literacy examples

reading (word recognition), readability (the ease with which written material can be read), and comprehension (the degree to which one understands what they have read).

health literacy

the degree to which individuals can obtain, process, and understand basic health information needed to make appropriate health decisions.

reasons for low literacy

low educational skills, cultural barriers to health care, health conditions require a high level of complicated self-care, not familiar with medical terms or how the body works, and scared and confusion when diagnosed with serious illness.

client literacy needs (5 steps)

speak slowly, teach back, encourage questions, plain language, and show examples.

health disparities

differences in the health status of groups of people that are closely linked to social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantages.

health disparity determination

disease incidence, disease prevalence, morbidity, and life expectancy.

health disparity populations

race/ethnicity, sex, sexual identity, age, disability, socioeconomic status, and geographic location.

health disparity examples

heart disease, cancer, infant mortality, obesity, smoking, diabetes, chronic disease, access to health care, and quality of care.

vulnerable populations

chronically ill or disabled, LGBTQ+ population, low-income and/or homeless individuals, women (very young or old), and certain geographical communities (rural and inner city).

emerging populations

homeless, LGBTQ+, and minorities.

health equity

attainment of the highest level of health for all people. promoted through full and equal access to healthy living opportunities.

education access and quality

the connection of education to health and well-being. includes graduating from high school, enrollment in higher education, educational attainment in general, language and literacy, and early childhood education and development.

economic stability

the connection between the financial resources people have (income, cost of living, and socioeconomic status). includes poverty, employment, food security, and housing stability.

health care access and quality

the connection between people's access to and understanding of health services and their own health. includes access to healthcare, access to primary care, health insurance coverage, and health literacy.

neighborhood and built environment

the connection between where a person lives (housing, neighborhood, and environment) and their health and well-being. includes quality of housing, access to transportation, availability of foods, air and water quality, and neighborhood crime and violence.

social and community context

the connection between characteristics of the contexts within which people live, learn, work, and play, and their health and well-being. includes civic participation, discrimination, incarceration, and social cohesion.

autonomy

the right or condition of self-government.

confidentiality

the ability to maintain privacy in one's life (patient information is private unless consent to release the information is provided by the patient).

veracity

truth-telling; supports health-promotion activities.

nonmaleficence

enjoins people to not harm other people; this principle constrains people from autonomous actions that are likely to harm others.

justice

an ethical principle of major importance in health-promotion settings.

kohlberg's moral reasoning: level one - preconventional

0-6 years; obeys to avoid punishment.

kohlberg's moral reasoning: level two - conventional

7-11 years; naive. conforms to get rewards and have favors returned; good boy/girl. conforms to avoid disapproval or being disliked.

kohlberg's moral reasoning: level three - postconventional

11 years+; conforms to avoid censure by authorities. individual principles or conscience. emphasis on individual rights.

gilligan's moral reasoning: preconventional

individual survival (selfishness).

gilligan's moral reasoning: conventional

self-sacrifice is goodness (social morality).

gilligan's moral reasoning: postconventional

principled morality.

descriptive theory

describes people's actual behavior, explains why people behave as they do, and the behavior exhibited defines the person.

normative theory

sets a standard for how people ought to act, justifies why people ought to behave as outlined by the standard, and conscious choices of action define the person.

consequentialism

focuses on the consequences of actions.

deontology (duty-based)

focus on adherence to moral duties and rights.

virtue ethics (character-based)

focuses on character.

ethical decision-making purpose

examines beliefs and values, examines the influence of beliefs on professional practice, post-situation reflection, willingly revises beliefs to align with professional standards, and does not require compromising personal integrity.

health education

any combination of planned learning experiences based on sound theories. increase knowledge, promote skill development, produce a change in behavior, and facilitate health-related learning and tools.

health promotion

the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health.

goals of health education

achieve the optimal state of health. change health behaviors and improve health status.

primary health screening

detection of a disease in its early stages in order to treat it and deter its progression.

secondary health screening

reduce the cost of disease management by avoiding costly interventions required at later stages.

advantages of health screening

simplicity, individual and group screening, one or multiple-test screening, and opportunity for health education.

disadvantages of healths screening

false positive and negative results.

newborn screening tests

congenital and genetic disorders; metabolic, endocrine, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, etc.

infant screening tests

iron deficiency anemia and lead poisoning.

children screening tests

lead, iron deficiency anemia, obesity, and diabetes.

adult screening tests

pap test (>21), mammography (40/45), cholesterol (20), colonoscopy (45), fecal occult blood (45), diabetes or pre-diabetes (35).

physical activity for ages 3-5

encourage children to be active when they play and be physically active throughout the day for growth and development.

physical activity for ages 6-17

60 minutes or more of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity each day. aerobic activity (walking, running), muscle-strengthening (climbing, push-ups), and bone-strengthening (jumping, running).

adult physical activity

150 minutes of physical activity; 30 minutes, 5 days a week. muscle-strengthening activities and aerobic activities.

older adults' physical activity (age > 65)

at least 150 minutes a week (30 min; 5 days). at least 2 days of activities that strengthen muscles and activities that improve balance, such as standing on one foot.

pregnant or postpartum women physical activity

at least 150 minutes (30 min; 5 days) of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity per week. brisk walking, during and after pregnancy.

adults with chronic conditions physical activity

at least 150 minutes (30 min; 5 days) of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity a week and at least 2 days a week of muscle-strengthening activities that include all major muscle groups.

stress management interventions

physical exercise, meditation, deep breathing, slowing down, connecting socially, tuning into your body, decompressing, laughing out loud, reducing toxic relationships, healthy diet, consistent sleep, being assertive, connecting spiritually, listening to loud music, and alternative therapy (hypnosis or acupuncture).

primary mental health prevention

identifying high risk

secondary mental health prevention

early detection and intervention

tertiary mental health prevention

advanced recovery and reduction of relapse risk.

meaning of spirituality

comprises feelings, thoughts, experiences, and behaviors that arise from a search for meaning and may include interconnectedness with self, others, nature, and a higher force.

factors affecting spirituality

family, ethical background, formal religion, life events, and developmental considerations.

spirituality needs common to most people

meaning of illness, religiosity, transcendence, hope, uncertainty, and inner strength.