western europe

Centralization of power

The process by which European monarchs consolidated authority to manage wars, taxation, and territorial expansion more effectively.

Standing armies

Permanent, professional national military forces that replaced feudal militias, allowing states to protect their interests year-round.

Mercantilism

An economic philosophy focused on accumulating wealth by exporting more than importing, based on the idea of a limited wealth supply.

Colonies

Territories established by European powers to provide natural resources and serve as markets for the home country's goods.

Goals of European exploration

Wealth, trade, glory, and Christianity; including access to resources, valuable goods, power for nations, and missionary efforts.

Technologies that aided exploration

Borrowed technology like the compass and astrolabe, and European innovations such as caravels, cannons, and steel weapons.

Spanish conquest of the Aztecs

Achieved by forming alliances with local enemies of the Aztecs, as many indigenous groups resented Aztec rule and tribute demands.