Horticulture 435

Exam 2

what are the three container classes for growing annuals?

packs, pots, baskets/mixed containers

how do you find what size a pack is?

10 packs/flats times 6 cells/pack = 60 plants/flats

what sizes do packs usually come in?

606, 804, 808, 1803

what kind of substrate is used in packs?

70-80% sphagnum peat and 20-30% perlite

what are the factors affecting nutrition management?

crop requirements and length

production season and growing environment

substrate, irrigation water, pH

what are the pH groups of petunias and geraniums?

Petunia: iron inefficient: 5.4-5.8

Geranium: iron efficient: 6.0-6.4

what will happen if a plant has an elevated pH and a low pH?

cause micronutrient deficiencies with high pH

cause micronutrient toxicity with low pH

how do you prevent pH problems?

manage substrate pH and irrigation water alkalinity

which acid would be the best to acidify water?

sulfuric acid because adding nitrogen and phosphorus pushes growth

what should you use to lower substrate and raise the substrate?

ammonium to lower

nitrate to raise

what should you do if you have a low pH ?

stop acidifying water

switch to a basic fertilizer

apply limestone drench

what should you do about a high pH problem?

switch to an acidic fertilizer

acidify irrigation water

apply micronutrient application ( iron chelate )

what two means of fertilizer should be used on annual bedding plants?

Water-soluble

Controlled-release

can WSF formulations be changed to prevent plant growth?

Yes

nitrogen form, phosphorus concentration, micronutrient concentration

what can phosphorus concentrations do?

suppress growth during finishing

what should you consider while using CRFs?

formulation

amount

release rate

what formulations can we get with CRFs?

complete

macro or micro

single elements

What is GA used for?

promote stem elongation

how is apical dominance controlled?

by the ratio of

auxin: cytokinins or auxin: ethylene

What does BA do?

improves branching

what does ethephon do?

delays flowering and controls plant size

what are the three primary aspects of light ?

quantity, quality, duration

what do we have to focus on during photoperiod?

flowering response, daylength, cycle number

when does lighting have the biggest impact?

flowering control

seedling plug production

what are the two types of temperatures we manage ?

the difference between night and day air temperature

average daily temperature

for the annual bedding plant production, use the ADT to

control crop timing

produce plants at appropriate temperatures

what are three considerations with respect to perennial flower induction?

juvenility

vernalization

daylength

what is juvenility?

plant cannot flower under inductive conditions

what is a mature plant?

plant can flower in response to flowering stimuli

what is vernalization?

induction of flowering in response to cold temperatures

affected by temperature and time

what is vernalization indifferent?

does not affect flowering

what is facultative vernalization?

reduces time to flower

what is obligate vernalization?

required for flowering

what are the growth regulation goals?

control excessive plant growth and balance container

fill in container to develop full-looking plants

what are the effects of a photoperiodic light source?

increased stem elongation from incandescent lights

delayed flowering under metal-halide lamps from a lack of FR light

what is a forcing environment?

greenhouse, unheated polyhouse, outdoors

what is a cooling environment?

greenhouse, unheated polyhouse, outdoors, cooler

why should we bulk plants?

fill in larger containers

satisfy maturity for flowering

why should plants become vegetative when bulking?

flowers can make crops susceptible to diseases and can divert energy from vegetative growth

what are three strategies to keep crops vegetative?

non-inductive photoperiods

withhold vernalization

ethephon applications

what edible crops are cool and warm season?

leafy crops, brassicacae, speciality greens: cool season

Fruiting crops: warm season

what is a window garden?

three different plants in three different containers

what kind of pH is best for edible plants?

due to short crop times, general pH is best

what are the consequences for growing lean?

chlorosis

yellowing

what PGR should you use for tomatoes?

uniconazole

what are the non-chemical growth methods?

nutrition

irrigation

mechanical

what are the four plant deign characteristics?

color

form

texture

seasonal interest

what are the three primary components to understanding colors and their relationships?

color wheel

color harmony

context of color use

why are hanging baskets such a good crop for producers?

free space

What is a disadvantage for hanging baskets?

change air temp/circulation

leachate on plants below

plant debris falling on plants blow

shade plants underneath them

what are four types of mixed container products?

hanging baskets

patio pots

table bowls

window boxes

how can high temps become a problem for hanging basket production?

increased water loss

slowing plant growth

susceptible diseases

what stages are best for multi liner dips?

stages 2 and 4

how do you plant a multi liner dip?

collect one cutting from each plant

dip in rooting hormone

put in liner

shear them prior to transplant

add to pot

how do you get around species requirements?

root in tiny post as individuals, put each species in different holes in the pot, let them grow

what seeds have different species inside them?

fuseables