l 4-7 final summary

What is pain?

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

How does psychology influence pain?

Pain perception is shaped by emotions, attention, and past experiences

Difference between nociception and pain?

Nociception is the detection of harmful stimuli; pain is the brain’s interpretation of those signals

Six major types of pain?

Malignant pain; benign pain; acute pain; chronic pain; pre-chronic pain; referred pain

Malignant pain?

Pain caused by injury or disease, such as stepping on a nail

Benign pain?

Pain with no immediate harm, such as migraines or phantom limb pain

Acute pain?

Short-term pain (

g

, burns, injuries

Chronic pain?

Pain lasting >3-6 months, often from unresolved injury or disease, e

g

, arthritis

Subtypes of chronic pain?

Chronic intermittent pain; chronic intractable benign pain; chronic progressive pain

Pre-chronic pain?

Pain existing between acute and chronic phases, determining if healing will occur

Referred pain?

Pain felt in a different location than its actual source, e

g

, shoulder pain from diaphragm inflammation

Neuromatrix theory?

Pain perception is created in the brain, explaining phantom limb pain

Gate control theory?

Pain signals travel through a "gate" in the spinal cord that can be opened or closed by various factors

What is cancer?

A disease of uncontrolled cell growth that can invade and spread

Benign tumor?

Non-cancerous tumor that does not spread

Malignant tumor?

Cancerous tumor that invades and metastasizes

Metastasis?

The spread of cancer cells from the original site to other body parts

Carcinomas?

Cancers of skin and organ tissues (e

g

, lung, breast, colon cancer)

Sarcomas?

Cancers of connective tissues like bone, muscle, and fat

Leukemia?

Cancer of blood-forming tissues, leading to excessive abnormal white blood cells

Lymphomas?

Cancers of the lymphatic system affecting immune cells

Central nervous system cancer?

Cancer originating in the brain or spinal cord

How does cancer directly cause death?

By spreading to and impairing vital organs

How does cancer indirectly cause death?

By weakening the immune system and causing malnutrition or infections

Primary cancer prevention?

Avoiding risk factors like smoking, UV exposure, and unhealthy diet

Secondary cancer prevention?

Early detection through screenings like mammograms and colonoscopies

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

Diseases affecting the heart and blood vessels, such as heart attacks and strokes

Arteriosclerosis?

General hardening of arteries, reducing blood flow

Atherosclerosis?

Narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup, increasing heart attack risk

Myocardial infarction (heart attack)?

Heart tissue death due to blocked arteries

Hypertension?

High blood pressure that raises heart disease and stroke risk

Biological risk factors for CVD?

High blood pressure; high LDL cholesterol; obesity; diabetes

Lifestyle risk factors for CVD?

Smoking; poor diet; lack of exercise

Immune system components?

Bone marrow; lymph nodes; spleen; thymus; B & T lymphocytes

CD4 (Helper T) cells role?

Coordinate immune response by signaling other immune cells

HIV transmission routes?

Sexual contact; shared needles; mother-to-child during birth

HIV 95-95-95 goal?

95% diagnosed; 95% receiving treatment; 95% virally suppressed

Primary infection stage of HIV?

Flu-like symptoms lasting 1-8 weeks

Latent period of HIV?

Can last up to 10 years with few or no symptoms

AIDS-related complex stage?

Persistent symptoms like weight loss and swollen glands

Severe immune impairment stage?

Increased vulnerability to opportunistic infections

cART treatment?

Combination therapy to suppress HIV and reduce transmission