mongols

religion

• Religious Toleration

• Supported many religions like Islam and Buddhism

  • Mosques and monasteries built

• Allowed for higher rate or trade throughout the empire

• Didn’t want to force people to convert to a religion

• Many mosques built in China

society

• Peasants important because the success of the peasant economy would collect more money, which benefited the empire

  • The Mongols gave strong support to the peasants and peasant economy of China, believing that the success of the peasant economy would bring in additional tax revenues and ultimately benefit the Mongols themselves.

• Artisans and merchants gained more power because the Mongols appreciated crafts and artisanship and merchants helped w trade for them being nomads

• Established offices to help craft production

• Pax Mongolica

  • Occurred during 1200s-1300s

  • Mongolian peace

  • Led to more and safer trade routes on the Silk Road

• Fueled Age of Exploration

• Political stability

• Chinese/Mongol Relationship

• Removed the civil service exam after they conquered China

• Built roads to to promote trade and be superior over China

• Emphasized paper money

  • Printed more and made value equal to precious metals

plague

• Started in Mongol Empire

• Traded with Europe causing Europeans to travel with large ships with holes for infested rats

• Disease spread by fleas from a bacterium called Yersinia Pestis

• Ships sailed to Asia and rats containing disease were released throughout the Mongol Empire

• Spread along silk road

govt

• 1221: Mongols control Central Asia

• Largest empire in history of world

• Occupied land from Korea to Hungary

• Gained success due to:

  • Climate change

    • Severe drought caused Mongols to migrate south and attacked farming civilizations starting the expansion of the empire

  • Weaponry

    • Men and women were good at horse warfare

    • Perfected cavalry tactics

• Strong leaders

• Genghis Khan

govt collapse

• Decline and collapse:

  • Tried to conquer lots of other territories, but most failed due to disease and weather

  • Expeditions were expensive, making it difficult for the Mongols to regain money

  • Public construction projects costed a lot of money and required a lot of labor

  • Taxed peasants and merchants, turned to inflation with the hope of covering the costs of projects, failed and became bankrupt

  • Failed attempts of invasion of JAPAN led to fall - failed due to weather, special ships built to invade japan

yuan dynasty

• a period of Mongol rule over China, lasting from 1271 to 1368. It was established by Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, after the Mongols conquered the Song Dynasty

  • foreign ruled, economic prosperity but also cultural separation from Chinese —> political tensioms

silk road

• Restored Silk Road

• Maintained order through trade routes: merchants less fearful robbery

• Decreased the cost of overland travel, making the Silk Road the preferred route

• Routes sheltered even in tough situations, allowing trade to thrive during these times

• Goods and ideas moved between China and the Middle East

• Innovations created in China spread to the rest of Eurasia

• Innovations spread: 

  • Chinese paper making techniques

  • Printmaking

  • Compass

  • New agricultural tactics

  • Gunpowder 

egalitarism

• men and women worked among each other pastoralists - livestock + domesticated animals and getting food through farming

yam system

system of trade that delivered ideas and information across large areas of land, with way stations along the route, using people on horses. also used bronze passports that facilitated travel.

function of grand canal

linked the Northern Capital (Beijing) to southern China, enabling rice grown in southern China to supply the wheat-growing regions of the north.

ortogh system

• To further support trade and commerce, the Mongols established merchant associations to promote caravan trade over long distances

genghis khan

• 1227: dies and son, Ogadai, takes over

• founding and establishing the largest contiguous land empire in history, the Mongol Empire

kublai khan

• Conquered Song Dynasty

• To gain the good will of the Chinese:

• Restored rituals at court

• Founded ancestral temples

• Gave son a Chinese style of education

• Adapted many traditional government institutions of China

• founded yuan dynasty, unified China under Mongols, expanded empire, beijing

marco polo

• Visits empire and brings new books to Italy

• Writes books that interest people in coming to the empire

4 khanates

• genghis Khan died,each goverened by ancestor

• 1260: empire divided into four khanates

  • Khanante of the Great Khan

    • Established by Kublai Khan

  • Khanate of Chagatai

  • Illkhanate

  • Khanate of the Golden Horde

• decentralized, competition and conflict

mock retreat

• a military tactic where a force pretends to be retreating to deceive the enemy and draw them into a trap or vulnerable position. 

• Used physiological warfare