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Behavioral Neuroscience
The study of the nervous system and its relationship to behavior.
Biological Psychology
the use of biological approaches to study behavior.
Psychobiology
focuses on the biological basis of behavior
Behavioral Biology
examines the relationship between biology and behavior.
Nervous System
The complex network of nerves and cells that transmit signals between different parts of the body.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
The brain and spinal cord, which are encased in bone.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Everything outside of the CNS, including nerves and ganglia.
Neuron
The fundamental unit of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting electrical signals.
Aristotle
Ancient Greek philosopher who believed that the psyche resided in the heart and that the brain's purpose was to cool the blood.
Hippocrates
Ancient Greek physician who argued for a major role of the brain in behavior and believed that thoughts and understanding originated in the brain.
Galen
Physician who also argued for a major role of the brain in behavior and believed that the ventricles were critical.
Dualism
The philosophical belief that the brain and mind are separate entities.
Monism
The philosophical belief that the mind is generated by the activity of the brain.
Pineal Gland
According to Descartes, the site of interaction between the brain and the mind
Behavior
The actions, reactions, or conduct of an organism in response to stimuli.
Localization of brain function
The idea that different regions of the brain have different functions.
Holistic view
The belief that every part of the brain participates in every function.
Experience-dependent neuroplasticity
The concept that brain areas develop and change based on individual experiences.
Phrenology
A pseudoscience that claimed mental traits were related to specific brain areas and could be measured by changes in the shape of the skull.
Materialism
The philosophical belief that everything, including behavior, can be explained by physical matter and processes.
Evolutionary theory
The scientific theory that explains the diversity of life and the development of species over time.
Psychology
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Lesions
Controlled damage or injury to a specific area of the brain.
Brain stimulation
The use of electrical or chemical methods to activate or inhibit specific areas of the brain.
Motor movement
Physical actions or motions controlled by the nervous system.
Nervous system hierarchy
The organization of the nervous system into different levels of processing.
Brain damage
Injury or impairment to the brain that affects its normal functioning.
Aphasia
Language impairment caused by brain damage.
Nissl stain
A staining method used to reveal the structure and organization of neurons.
Neuron doctrine
The concept that the nervous system is made up of individual cells called neurons.
Synapse
The junction between two neurons where information is transmitted.
Brodmann Map
A map of the brain's cytoarchitecture, showing distinct brain areas.
Brodmann Areas (BAs)
The 52 distinct brain areas identified by Brodmann.
Neuroimaging techniques
Methods used to visualize and study the brain's structure and function.
Stereotaxic surgery
A surgical technique that uses three-dimensional coordinates to precisely target specific areas of the brain.
Cellular connectionist view
The perspective that the brain consists of independent cells that form networks to mediate behaviors.
Compensation
The ability of the brain to adjust and adapt to damage by redistributing functions to other areas.
Neurotransmitter
Chemical substances that transmit signals between neurons.
Action potential
The electrical signal that allows neurons to communicate and transmit information.
Animal research
The use of animals, such as mice, rats, and primates, in scientific experiments and studies.1. Ethical perspective:Considering the moral implications and welfare of animals in research.
Experimental designs
The methodology used to study causal relationships through controlled experiments.
Reductionist/Logistic perspective
Focusing on the simplicity of animal nervous systems and behaviors for convenient study.
Evolutionary perspective
Exploring the similarities in nervous systems between species to explain behavioral similarities.
Comparative perspective
Examining the differences in nervous systems between species to explain behavioral differences.
Animal models
Using animals to simulate and study human conditions or behaviors.
Limitations of animal models
Challenges in cost, modeling human behaviors accurately, and generalizability of findings.
Depression
A mental health condition characterized by loss of interest, decreased energy, guilt, disturbed sleep, and thoughts of suicide.
Anhedonia
The absence of pleasure-seeking and loss of interest in activities normally enjoyed.
Behavioral despair
A state of hopelessness often modeled in animal models of depression.
Forced Swim Test
A behavioral test used to measure behavioral despair in animal models of depression.
Tail Suspension Test
mouse behavioral test used to measure behavioral despair in animal models of depression and learned helplessness
looking for immobility as an indicator of giving up
Sucrose Preference Test
A test used to measure anhedonia in animal models of depression.
Chronic Intermittent Stress (CIS)
A stress model used in animals to simulate depression-inducing stress in humans.
Prefrontal cortex (PFC)
A brain region that is particularly large in humans and chimpanzees.
PFC lesions
Damage to the prefrontal cortex that can have significant effects on behavior, as observed in animals.
Frontal leukotomy
A treatment developed based on the speculation that PFC damage could help treat mental illness.
Prefrontal Lobotomy
A surgical procedure that damages the prefrontal cortex, performed on thousands of patients with limited therapeutic benefits and severe side effects.
Experimental method
The use of controlled experiments to gather data and draw conclusions.
Case study
A study that focuses on a single individual or animal, which may not be representative of the larger population.
Species differences
Recognizing that animals can be very different from humans and considering these differences in research.
Genetic similarity
The degree of similarity in genes between individuals, which can influence physical and psychological traits.
Gene
A unit of heredity transferred from parent to offspring, composed of DNA.
DNA
The molecule that carries genetic information and makes up genes. Base pair sequence: The sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA that determines the genetic code of a gene.
Gene
A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building a specific protein or performing a specific function.
Regulatory sequences
DNA sequences that control the expression of a gene, such as the promoter sequence that switches the gene on or off.
Coding sequences
DNA sequences that determine the structure of the protein produced by a gene.
DNA
The molecule that carries the genetic information in all living organisms.
RNA
A molecule that plays a key role in protein synthesis by carrying the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes.
Proteins/Peptides
Molecules made up of amino acids that perform various functions in the body.
Neuronal structure
The physical structure of neurons, including their shape, connections, and organization.
Brain structure
The physical structure of the brain, including its different regions and their organization.
Behavior
The actions or reactions of an organism in response to stimuli from its environment.
Environmental influences
External factors that can affect an organism's development, behavior, or traits.
Variations in genes
Differences or mutations in the DNA sequence of genes that can lead to variations in traits or behaviors.
Polygenic traits
Traits that are influenced by multiple genes.
Monogenic traits
Traits that are influenced by a single gene and tend to be disorders.
Heritability estimate
The proportion of variability in a trait that is explained by genetic factors.
Psychological traits
Traits related to mental processes and behaviors.
Psychiatric disorders
Mental disorders characterized by abnormal thoughts, emotions, or behaviors.
Genetic disorders
Disorders caused by mutations or abnormalities in genes.
Gene X Environment Interactions
The complex interplay between genetic factors and environmental factors in shaping traits or behaviors.
Epigenetics
The study of heritable changes in gene expression or function that cannot be attributed to changes in DNA sequence.
Gene expression
The process by which information from a gene is used to create a functional gene product, such as a protein.
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