WWI-WWII

Isolationism

Isolationism

A national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs.

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

War Bonds/Liberty Bonds

Certificates sold by the United States government to pay for the war.

War Industries Board

Government agency established to coordinate the purchase of war supplies during World War I.

Food and Fuel Administration

new agencies created by President Wilson during WWI charged with expanding output and restricting civilian consumption; Herbert Hoover, head of the food admin., depended on the "spirit of self sacrifice" for rationing; Harry Garfield, head of the fuel admin., introduced daylight savings time to conserve energy and set high prices on coal

Great Migration

Movement of African Americans from the South to the North for jobs. This began during WWI.

Schenck v. United States

A 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils.

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

Wilson's Fourteen Points

This is the plan for post-World War I outlined by President Wilson in 1918. This plan called for self-determination (countries in Africa and Asia govern themselves), freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.

Sedition Act and Espionage Act

passed by Congress that outlawed acts of treason and made it a crime to "utter, print, write, or publish any disloyal or abusive language" criticizing the government, the flag, or the military

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

assembly line

Production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks. Makes goods faster, cheaper, more efficient.

installment buying

A consumers buys products by promising to pay small, regular amounts over a period of time (buying on credit)

Red Scare (1920s)

Intense fear of communism and other politically radical ideas

Scopes Trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian radicals who became symbols of the Red Scare of the 1920s; arrested (1920), tried and executed (1927) for a robbery/murder, they were believed by many to have been innocent but convicted because of their immigrant status and radical political beliefs.

Flappers

Young women in the 1920s who challenged social traditions with their dress and behavior

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

This law restricted immigration to 3% of each nationality that was in the United States.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

deficit spending

Government practice of spending more than it takes in from taxes

Wagner Act

1935, also National Labor Relations Act; granted rights to unions; allowed collective bargaining

FDIC

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: a federally sponsored corporation that insures accounts in national banks and other qualified institutions

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Dust Bowl

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.

Stock Market Crash

Another leading component to the start of the Great Depression. The stock became very popular in the 1920's, then in 1929 in took a steep downturn and many lost their money and hope they had put in to the stock.

Bonus Army

WWI veterans who marched on Washington demanding their $1,000 bonus pay before the 1945 due date.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

1934 - Created to supervise stock exchanges and to punish fraud in securities trading.

Tennessee Valley Authority

New Deal program that built dams to control flooding and produce cheap electric power

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents

Lend-Lease Act

allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S

Korematsu v. US

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans.

Island Hopping

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others in the Pacific. The goal was to eventually invade the mainland of Japan.

Bombing of Pearl Harbor

A Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7, 1941. Formally brought the US into WWII.

manhatten project (atomic bomb)

a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

Double V Campaign

The World War II-era effort of black Americans to gain "a Victory over racism at home as well as Victory abroad."

raitioning

allow each person to have only a fixed amount of (a particular commodity). This was designed to control inflation during WWII.

D-Day Invasion (Operation Overlord)

Massive Allied invasion of France at Normandy by air and sea in order to open up a second, western front against Germany. June 6, 1944.

Palmer Raids

Part of the Red Scare, these were measures to hunt out political radicals and immigrants who were potential threats to American security; led to the arrest of nearly 5,500 people and the deportation of nearly 400.