biochem - coenzymes and vitamins

fat soluble vitamins

A, D, E, K

what is the concern with fat soluble vitamins

toxicity as it is harder to excrete

vitamin c

ascorbate

vitamin c deficiency

scurvy

vitamin b1

thiamine

vitamin b1 deficiency

beriberi

vitamin b2

riboflavin

vitamin b2 deficiency

growth retardation

vitamin b3

nicotinic acid

vitamin b3 deficiency

pellagra

vitamin b5

pantothenate

vitamin b5 deficiency

dermatitis in chickens

vitamin b6

pyridoxal

vitamin b6 deficiency

dermatitis in rats

adenosine triphosphate (ATP) vitamin source

n/a

adenosine triphosphate (ATP) metabolic role

transfer of phosphoryl or nucleotidyl groups

adenosine triphosphate (ATP) mechanistic role

cosubstrate

cosubstrate

loosely bound, donating something important to the reaction

prosthetic group

tightly bound, provides additional functional capabilities

S-adenosylmethionine vitamin source

n/a

S-adenosylmethionine metabolic role

transfer of methyl group

S-adenosylmethionine mechanistic role

cosubstrate

uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-glucose) vitamin source

n/a

uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-glucose) metabolic role

transfer of glycosyl groups

uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-glucose) mechanistic role

cosubstrate

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) vitamin source

niacin (B3)

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) metabolic role

oxidation-reduction rxns involving two-electron transfer

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) mechanistic role

cosubstrate

flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) vitamin source

riboflavin (B2)

flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) metabolic role

oxidation-reduction reactions involving one- and two-electron transfers

flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) mechanistic role

prosthetic group

coenzyme A (CoA) vitamin source

pantothenate (B5)

coenzyme A (CoA) metabolic role

transfer of acyl groups

coenzyme A (CoA) mechanistic role

cosubstrate

thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) vitamin source

thiamine (B1)

thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) metabolic role

transfer of multi-carbon fragments containing a carbonyl group (removes CO2)

thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) mechanistic role

prosthetic group

pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) vitamin source

pyridoxine (B6)

pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) metabolic role

transfer of groups to and from amino acids

pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) mechanistic role

prosthetic group

biotin vitamin source

biotine (B7)

vitamin b7

biotin

biotin metabolic role

ATP-dependent carboxylation of substates or carboxyl-group transfer between substrates (adds CO2)

biotin mechanistic role

prosthetic group

tetrahydrofolate vitamin source

folate (B9)

tetrahydrofolate metabolic role

transfer of one-carbon substituents, especially formyl and hydroxymethyl groups; provides the methyl group for thymine in DNA

tetrahydrofolate mechanistic role

cosubstrate

cobalamin vitamin source

cobalamin (B12)

vitamin B12

cobalamin

cobalamin metabolic role

intramolecular rearrangements, transfer of methyl groups

cobalamin mechanistic role

prosthetic group

lipoamide vitamin source

n/a

lipoamide metabolic role

oxidation of a hydroxyalkyl group from TPP and subsequent transfer of an acyl group

lipoamide mechanistic role

prosthetic group

retinal vitamin source

vitamin A (from beta-carotene)

retinal metabolic role

vision

retinal mechanistic role

prosthetic group

vitamin K metabolic role

carboxylation of some glutamate residues

vitamin K mechanistic role

prosthetic group

Ubiquinone (Q) vitamin source

n/a

Ubiquinone (Q) metabolic role

lipid-soluble electron carrier

Ubiquinone (Q) mechanistic role

cosubstrate

heme group vitamin source

n/a

heme group metabolic role

electron transfer (reversible, one electron reduction)

heme group mechanistic role

prosthetic group

nucleotide cosubstrates

ATP, GTP, UDP-glucose, S-adenosylmethionine, etc

vitamin D use

helps control Ca2+ utilization

vitamin E use

reducing agent

vitamin K use

blood coagulation protein synthesis

protein coenzymes

thioredoxin, ferredoxin

thioredoxin

thiol, redox

ferredoxin

iron-sulfur, redox

heme-containing protein coenzyme name

cytochrome