STS - HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS

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117 Terms

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SCIENCE

  • systematic body of knowledge

  • basis for technology

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TECHNOLOGY

  • application of scientific knowledge

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ANCIENT TIMES

  • concerned with:

    a. transportation and navigation

    b. communication and record-keeping

    c. mass production

    d. security and protection

    e. health

    f. aesthetics and architecture

  • Sumerian

  • Babylon

  • Egyptian

  • Greek

  • Roman

  • Chinese

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SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

  • 4500 - 4000 BC

  • first Mesopotamian civilization

  • Fertile Crescent Land (situated between Tigris and Euphrates River

  • known for their high degree of cooperation with one another and their desire for great things

  • Not contented with basic things - pushed them to develop many things connected to S&T.

  • first to divide the passages of time

  • cuneiform script

  • Uruk City

  • Great Ziggurat of Ur

  • hydraulic engineering

  • sailboat

  • wheel

  • plow

  • roads

  • fabrication of copper

  • time

  • sexagesimal

  • lunar calendar

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CUNEIFORM SCRIPT

  • oldest writing form in the world (3400 BC)

  • used word pictures and triangular symbols

  • used clay tablets

  • used to record things with great historical value or their everyday life

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URUK CITY

  • first true city in the world

  • walled with sunbaked bricks (clay from river mixed with reed, then dried after)

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GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR

  • mountain of God

  • sacred place of their chief god

  • only priests are allowed to enter

  • non-priests that will enter will not be able to come back

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IRRIGATION AND DIKE

  • hydraulic engineering

  • irrigation and agriculture were developed here because of the fertile soil found near these rivers

  • for flood control

  • uses floods in dry lands

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SAILBOAT

  • 5000 years ago

  • for trading of productions and migrations

  • make it easy to move in the waters

  • lightweights sailboats made from wood and papyrus

  • square-shaped and made up of cloth. 

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WHEEL

  • bronze age

  • first made up of woods

  • for easier movement of heavy objects

  • used for chariots for battle

  • for agriculture (animal transactions and irrigation), craft industries

  • originally for milling

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PLOWS

  • turn and break up soil, bury crop residues, and control weeds

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ROADS

  • better transportation

  • for trading

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FABRICATION OF COPPER

  • Sumerians were the first users of copper

  • COPPER: earliest non-precious metals

  • helped in significant growth of various Mesopotamia cities like URUK, SUMER, UR and al’UBAID

  • used in arrowheads, razors, and harpoons

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TIME

  • 3000 BC

  • passages of time were first divided by Sumerians

  • introduced the passage of weeks, months, and years

  • BEFORE: knowledge of Sumerians about astronomy was used to figure out approximate time

  • sexagesimal system

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SEXAGESIMAL SYSTEM

  • divided a day into 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness

  • further divided into 60 minute-hours and 60 second-minute

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SEXAGESIMAL

  • numeral system

  • record of numerous subjects instead of naming all

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LUNAR CALENDAR

  • based entirely on the recurrence of lunar phases

  • counting of 12 months

  • two seasons observed: summer & winter

  • To make up the difference between this year, and the year of seasons, they added an extra month to every year after four years

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BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION

  • 1844 - 1595 BC

  • great builders, engineers, and architects

  • hanging gardens of Babylon

  • trigonometry

  • astronomy

  • jewelry making

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HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON

  • gift of King Nebuchadnezzar II to Amytis

  • layers of garden of different kinds of plants, ferns, and flowering plants

  • no physical existence

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ASTRONOMY

  • zodiac

  • eclipses of the sun and moon could be foretold

  • stars had been numbered and named at an early date

  • Possessed tables of lunar longitudes and observations of the phases of Venus

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JEWELRY MAKING

  • originated from the Babylonians

  • Led way for our modern designs as they were the first to incorporate precious gems and metals to make beautiful pieces of jewelry.

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EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

  • 3100 - 332 BCE

  • their legacy is the engineering feats of the Egyptians, especially the infrastructure established by their Pharaohs

  • The Civilization of Ancient Egypt began in the Nile River, Valley of Northeastern Africa

  • death mask

  • papyrus

  • Pyramid of Giza

  • hieroglyphics

  • calendar system

  • cosmetics

  • wigs

  • ink

  • clepsydra

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PAPER OR PAPYRUS

  • paper

  • 4th millenium BCE

  • plant that grows abundantly along the Nile river

  • stem of the papyrus plant was used to make sails, cloth, mats, cords, and paper

  • chief writing material in Ancient Egypt

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INK

  • invented by combining soot with different chemicals to produce inks of different colors.

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HIEROGLYPHICS

  • complex system of writing using symbols (logographic and alphabetic elements)

  • language that tells the world of the history and culture of Egyptians

  • record historical events, religious texts, and admin record

  • written in papyrus and walls of pyramids and other Egyptian structures

<ul><li><p>complex system of writing using symbols (logographic and alphabetic elements)</p></li><li><p>language that tells the world of the history and culture of Egyptians</p></li><li><p>record historical events, religious texts, and admin record</p></li><li><p>written in papyrus and walls of pyramids and other Egyptian structures </p></li></ul>
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COSMETICS

  • used for aesthetics and health purposes

  • beauty is a sign of holiness

  • they wore kohl around their eyes

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KOHL

  • created by mixing soot and malachite with mineral galena

  • believed to cure and prevent eye diseases

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WIG

  • for health wellness rather than aesthetic

  • used to protect shaved heads of healthy Egyptians from the harmful rays of the sun

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CLEPSYDRA

  • water clock

  • timekeeping device during ancient times

  • utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to another

  • they also made sundial (shadow clock)

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PYRAMID OF GIZA

  • royal tombs for pharaohs

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DEATH MASK

  • believed to lead the dead’s spirit to the body

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CALENDAR SYSTEM

  • devises the earliest known calendar

  • included 12 months of 30 days each, with five additional days at the end of the year

  • serves as the basis for the later calendar system

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GREEK CIVILIZATION

  • birthplace of Western Philosophy

  • major achievements in the field of mathematics and philosophy

  • built coliseums and pioneered the olympics

  • parthenon

  • alarm clocks and odometer

  • the alarm clock of plato

  • watermill

  • rhetoric

  • democracy

  • theater

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ALARM CLOCKS

  • still in use

  • created by Ctesibius (Hellenistic engineer and inventor)

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CTESIBIUS’ WATER CLOCK

  • world’s first alarm clock

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ALARM CLOCK OF PLATO

  • invented in 427 to 348 BC

  • first human awakening device in history

  • you need water in it to make it work

  • may whistle

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ODOMETER

  • measures the distance traveled by a vehicle

  • Helped Greeks to create roads and bridges for travelling, set milestones at specific distances, and helped developed their empire, boosting their economic standing

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WATER MILL

  • used to grind flour

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RHETORIC

  • art that aims to improve the capability of writers or speakers to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences

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DEMOCRACY

  • first form of self-rule

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ROMAN CIVILIZATION

  • the strongest political and social entity in the west

  • cradle of politics and governance

  • founded when Augustus Caesar proclaimed himself the first emperor in Rome (31BC)

  • Came to an end with the fall of Constantinople (1453 CE)

  • newspaper

  • bound books / codex

  • roman architecture

  • aqueduct

  • roman numerals

  • roman alphabet

  • concretes

  • roads

  • medical advancements

  • public baths

  • military innovations

  • caesar cipher

  • roman library

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NEWSPAPER

  • gazettes

  • contained announcements of the Roman Empire to the people and is engraved in metal or stone tablets and then publicly displayed before the invention of paper

  • ACTA SENATUS: minutes of official business

  • acta diurna

  • ACTA: things that have been done

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ACTA DIURNA

  • gazette of political and social events

  • only available to the senators

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CODEX

  • bound books

  • JULIUS CAESAR: started the tradition of stacking up papyrus to form pages of a book

  • earlier covers were made of WAX, then later on replaced by animal skin

  • first books

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ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

  • continuation of the greek architecture

  • large churches (cathedrals and basilicas), aqueducts, coliseums, amphitheaters, and residential houses

  • The Maison Carrée

  • Roman Forum (Forum Romanum)

  • The Pantheon

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AQUEDUCT

  • used to supply water to the town of Nimes (about 30 miles away from the Mediterranean Sea)

  • ended up on homes and baths in Nimes

  • was about 31 miles in length

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ROMAN NUMERALS

  • symbols used in a system of numerical notation based on the ancient Roman system

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ROMAN ALPHABET

  • writing system originally used to write the Latin language

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CHINESE CIVILIZATION

  • oldest civilization in Asia (if not in the world)

  • ancient writing systems

  • cultural continuity and heritage

  • territorial boundaries

  • philosophical duration

  • dynastic successions

  • silk

  • silk road

  • great wall of china

  • gun powder

  • tea production

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SILK

  • resulted for a creation of a product for trade

  • the trade opened China to the outside world

  • paved way for cultural, economic, and scientific exchanges

  • bridged the gap between the western world and the middle kingdom

  • silkworm farming: restricted to women

  • silk-making: many women were employed

  • from silkworms

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SILK ROAD

  • boosted trade

  • paved way to Hindi religion, spices, art and science innovations

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TEA PRODUCTION

  • first tea was believed to be drunk by a Chinese empreror

  • China became known for tea exports aside from silk

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GUN POWDER

  • made originally to prolong life

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GREAT WALL OF CHINA

  • only man-made object visible from space

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MEDIEVAL PERIOD

  • middle ages

  • 5th - 15th century

  • early middle ages, high middle ages, late middle ages

  • age of expxloration

  • heavy plow

  • horse collar

  • medieval surgical instrument

  • herbal medicine

  • compound microscope

  • lancets and trepanation tools

  • windmills

  • shipbuilding

  • road construction

  • magnetic compass

  • telescope

  • crossbow

  • chainmail and plate armor

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EARLY MIDDLE AGES

  • 5th - 10th century

  • fall of western roman empire in the 5th century

  • catholic church hindered scientific advancement due to the fear that it would be a threat to its authority

  • FEUDALISM: system in which rulers granted land to lower nobility in return for military service (became the prominent political system in central Europe

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HIGH MIDDLE AGES

  • 11th - 13th century

  • revival of learning and culture

  • Renaissance of the 12th century

  • emergence of universities and scholars

  • decline of feudalism

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LATE MIDDLE AGES

  • 14th - 15th century

  • black death: bubonic plague

  • hundred years war

  • saw development of early forms of renaissance art and humanism

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HEAVY PLOW

  • Allowed for more efficient tilling of heavy, clay-rich soils, improving agricultural productivity

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HORSE COLLAR

  • Made it possible for horses to pull heavy loads, increasing in agricultural efficiency

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MEDIEVAL SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS

  • ex. lancets and trepanation tools

  • developed for medical procedures

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HERBAL REMEDIES

  • botanical knowledge

  • treating ailments

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COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

  • 1950

  • Zacharias Janssen

  • features two convex lenses in a tube for higher magnification and improved microscopy

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WINDMILLS

  • grinding grain

  • pumping water

  • reduces labor required

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MAGNETIC COMPASS

  • used for transportation, especially on navigation

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CROSSBOW

  • advancement in ranged weaponry

  • offered greater accuracy and power

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CHAINMAIL AND PLATE ARMOR

  • provided improved protection for soldiers who went to countless wars

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MODERN AGES

  • 16th century - 19th century (?)

  • 19th century: world population hit 1 billion

  • people needed more means of goods and services, transportation to trade, machines to upgrade, faster and easier communication, medicine and vaccine, food safety and preservation

  • resulted in the making of the industry

  • steam locomotive

  • telegraph

  • sewing machine

  • rubber vulcanization

  • internal combustion engine

  • light bulb

  • typewriter

  • process for making steel

  • cash register

  • elevator

  • electric motor

  • petroleum refinery

  • calculator

  • telephone

  • pasteurization

  • stethoscope

  • development of modern vaccine

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STEAM LOCOMOTIVE

  • 1814

  • George Stephenson

  • revolutionized transportation

  • played a key in the development of the modern railways system

  • Type of railway vehicle that moves itself using the expansion of steam

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TELEGRAPH

  • 1837

  • Samuel Morse

  • transmit messages electronically over long distances

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SEWING MACHINE

  • 1846

  • Elias Howe

  • made it possible to quickly and accurately sew clothing and other textile

  • contributed to the clothing industry

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RUBBER VULCANIZATION PROCESS

  • 1839

  • Charles Goodyear

  • made it possible to produce durable and long-lasting rubber products

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INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

  • 1876

  • Nicholaus Otto and Eugene Longen

  • powered the first automobiles

  • still used in many transportations today

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LIGHT BULB

  • 1879

  • Thomas Edison

  • provided reliable source of electric light

  • revolutionized the way we live and work

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TYPEWRITER

  • 1867

  • Christopher Latham Sholes

  • made it possible to quickly and accurately type documents

  • revolutionized the way we communicate and do business

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PROCESS OF MAKING STEEL

  • 1856

  • Henry Bessemer

  • made it possible to produce large quantities of high-quality steel

  • developed the modern steel industry

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ELEVATOR

  • 1853

  • Elisha Otis

  • made it possible to transport people and goods between levels of a building

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CASH REGISTER

  • 1879

  • James Ritty and Charles Kettering

  • recorded and stored information about sales transactions

  • made it easier for business to keep track of their finances

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ELECTRIC MOTOR

  • 1821

  • Michael Faraday

  • used electricity to generate mechanical motion

  • led the development of many modern appliances and machines

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TELEPHONE

  • 1876

  • Alexander Graham Bell

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PETROLEUM REFINERY

  • kerosene

  • for transpo and household

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PASTEURIZATION

  • Louis Pasteur (also focused on vaccination development of animals to avoid diseases)

  • created to combat wine’s diseases and later on applied to other spoilable substances like milk

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STETHOSCOPE

  • 1816

  • Dr. Rene Laennec

  • medical instrument used in listening to sound produced within the body (heart and lungs)

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DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN VACCINES

  • later 18th century

  • Edward Jenner

  • Started with his discovery of smallpox immunization

  • This pivotal step led to substantial progress in prevention of infectious diseases

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PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS

  • pre-colonial period

  • spanish-colonial period

  • american-colonial period

  • post-colonial period

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PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD

  • marked by indigenous knowledge and invention

  • suited with their needs

  • balangay

  • baybayin script

  • agricultural techniques

  • pottery and earthenware

  • metalworking

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BALANGAY

  • wooden boat for transporting

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BAYBAYIN SCRIPT

  • ancient script used by various ethnic groups

  • for writing in inscription to various artifacts

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AGRICULTURAL TECHNIQUES

  • ex. Banaue Rice Terraces

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POTTERY AND EARTHENWARE

  • for cooking, storage, and other domestic purposes

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METALWORKING

  • casting of gold, copper, and other metals into ornament, jewelry, and tools

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SPANISH-COLONIAL PERIOD

  • inventions were introduced and adapted in local context

  • printing press

  • irrigation system

  • agricultural techniques (introduced crops)

  • cultural and linguistic studies

  • medical practices

  • architectural innovation

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PRINTING PRESS

  • Friar Juan de Placensia

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IRRIGATION SYSTEM

  • spanish authorities improves and expanded it for agriculture

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CULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES

  • preserving indigenous cultural knowledge

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MEDICAL PRACTICES

  • introduced hospitalization

  • european and philippine remedy

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ARCHITECTURAL INNOVATION

  • techniques were earthquake resistant

  • use of coral stone

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AMERICAN-COLONIAL PERIOD

  • electricity and street lightning (late 19th century)

  • telegraph and telephone system (early 20th century; enhance communication)

  • railroads (1902-1906; Manila-Dagupan Railroad)

  • higher education institution (UP)

  • cinematography (Manila [1897] - first documented film)

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POST-COLONIAL PERIOD

  • biosafety net

  • molave super

  • Philippine genome center

  • coconut oil as bio-diesel fuel

  • magbanua rice

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BIOSAFETY NET

  • 1950S

  • Gregorio Zara

  • automatically shuts power when detect abnormalities