Oceanography Chapter 1 and 2

Oceanography

The process (or result) of applying the scientific method to the ocean, its surroundings, and the life within

The Big Bang

The idea the universe was created from a central point that started expanding

The Crab Nebula

The remnants from a star that exploded in 1054

Solar nebulae

Cold clouds of dust and gases within a galaxy

Outgassing

The volcanic release of gases from within the Earth whether during an eruption or slowly through vents

Accretion

The premise that stars and planets result from the accumulation of clouds of gases, dust and debris contracting to a central area

Star

Massive spheres of gases giving off light by fusing hydrogen atoms into helium

Radiation from our sun stripped away gases in our early atmosphere

The process that removed most gases from the Earth’s early atmosphere

Protostar

The early stage of a star

Supernova

The process in which a star suddenly expands in an explosive stage

Red Giant

A slowly expanding star that pulsates in its dying stages

Black hole, light

If a supernova occurs, the remnants of the original star may remain as a _________. Its gravitational pull is so strong that even _____ is pulled in, hence its name.

Universe, galaxy, solar system, star, planet

Heavenly bodies placed in order of size (big to small)

71%

How much of Earth is made up of water?

The ocean

A vast body of saline (salty) water that occupies the depressions of Earth’s surface

Southern, Northern

The __________ hemisphere contains more water than the __________ hemisphere

Hypothesis

An educated guess made to explain a phenomenon

15 billion years ago

When is the Big Bang proposed to have occurred?

Large clouds of dust and gas (molecular clouds)

Where do stars form?

Solar system

A gravitationally bound heavenly body of a star and the planets that orbit around it

A star

A knot of gases at the center of a nebula may condense and form this

Gravitational energy

As a protostar continues to shrink (due to its own _____________), its internal temperature rises

Nuclear Fusion occurs

What process occurs when the temperature of a protostar reaches 10 million degrees Celsius?

Nuclear Fusion

A reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei combine to form a larger nuclei, nuclei/neutron by-products

Supernova

A powerful and luminous explosion of a star. Occurs in the last evolutionary stages of a massive star. The iron core of a star collapses, followed by an explosion.

Differentiation

The process in which Earth developed different layers, due to the denser materials sinking to the center and lighter materials rising to the top

Debris, meteors and materials crashing down to Earth, with each impact heating the surface

What caused the Earth to melt early in its history, even though it was originally solid?

Volcanic activity expelled water vapour and other gases that combined to form H²O

Where did our ocean water originally come from once the Earth was created?

• Little to no oxygen

• Heat

• High amounts of energy from UV radiation and lightning

What conditions do some scientists suggest made it possible for organic molecules to form from inorganic molecules?

Captain James Cook

Who was the first marine scientist?

Phoenicians and Cretans, Greeks, Vikings, Europeans, Chinese

Earliest peoples to navigate the ocean from oldest to most recent

Egypt

Where was the first university in the world located?

Celestial navigation

Using the position of the stars to find one’s position on Earth

Cartographer

A person who makes charts or maps

Matthew Maury

The father of physical oceanography

Cresques Abraham

The first person to put compass directions on charts

The Challenger Expedition

The first real project that started the science of oceanography

The Pacific Ocean

The first large body of water known to be sailed at any extent

Chinese

In early history, these were the first people who voyaged in order to show off their dynasty and riches

Bruce Heezen, Marie Tharp, and Henry Menard’s expedition

The expedition that found evidence of seafloor spreading

Matthew Maury

The first person to sense and document world-wide currents and surface winds

Sonar

The technology that first allowed the mapping of the ocean floor

Echo sounding

The process of taking depth measurements

The Polynesians

Who were the first people to discover Hawaii?

Overpopulation, rising political tensions, intertribal problems, religious strifes and depleted resources.

What led the Polynesians to begin their expedition to find new land?

Chart: graphic representations that depict water and water-related information

Map: a diagrammatic representation of an area of land showing physical features such as mountains, roads, cities, et cetera

The difference between a chart and a map

Eratosthenes of Cyrene

The first person to calculate the circumference of the world

Eratosthenes of Cyrene

The first person to put latitude and longitude lines on charts

Cladius Ptolemy’s false calculations

Whose estimation of the circumference of the world was used by Christopher Columbus?

Vikings

The people who were known for building very fast and stable ships that helped them be “speedy” as they attacked foreign lands were the _________

The Chinese

The people who built ships with several masts with sails attached

Christopher Columbus

The first person from Europe to set foot on North America

Ferdinand Magellan

The first person to sail around the world

Captain James Weddell

The person known for sailing around the world further south than anyone else of the time

Abel Tasman

The first European to discover New Zealand

United States Exploring Expedition

The expedition that sought to find if there were holes at the poles to go through which one could enter into the interior of the Earth

• Mobility

• Sea power

• Greater access to food

• Military, economic and nutritional advantage

• Curiosity and expansion of human horizons

Benefits of Sea Voyaging