BIOL 118 UNIT 5 PT1

renal system, male reproductive system

small particles

concentration equal between filtrate and plasma

large particles

concentration much larger in plasma compared to filtrate

glomerular capillaries HP + capsule space OP

outward pressure =

capsule space HP + glomerular capillaries OP

inward pressure =

outward pressure - inward pressure

net filtration pressure =

capsule space

osmotic pressure is 0 due to super low solute concentration compared to solute concentration in glomerular capillaries

adrenal gland

gland that makes steroid hormones adrenaline and epinephrine

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

path of urine through the urinary system

bladder

storage for urine, allows us to choose when to excrete it

urea

kidneys convert toxic ammonia to

uric acid

waste created by nucleic acid catabolism, largest, not water soluble, least toxic

ammonia

waste created by amino acid catabolism, most toxic, water soluble

ureter

the duct by which urine passes from the kidney to the bladder 

transitional epithelial cells

cells that line bladder allowing for shape change

internal urethral sphincter

regulates involuntary control of urine flow from the bladder to the urethra

external bladder sphincter

can decide consciously when to relax it to urinate

smooth

muscle that composes the bladder, contraction is unconscious

glomerulus

knot of tiny capillaries that filters blood passing through it and initiates urine formation

nephron

system of tubes surrounded by system of capillaries, smallest structural and functional unit of the kidneys responsible for the formation of urine

parasympathetic

brain can override and inhibit this part of autonomic nervous system as we get older so we are able to control when we urinate

resistance to flow

somatic motor system is reinforced so we can consciously control

glomerulus, peritubular

loci of two capillary beds of the renal system

tall and skinny

bladder shape when relaxed

short and wide

bladder shape when contracted

stretch receptors

mechanically gated channel in epithelial cells that measures stretch of the bladder, more stretch leads to more depolarization

contracts, relaxes

when you urinate, smooth muscle … , and external sphincter …

bowmans capsule

hollow structure that completely surrounds the glomerulus made of highly modified cells called podocytes

podocytes

highly specialized cells of the kidney glomerulus that wrap around capillaries and that neighbor cells of the Bowman's capsule

loop of henle

portion of nephron mostly located in the renal medulla region of the kidney

renal medulla

the inner part of the kidney, consists of the medullary collecting ducts and loops of Henle

afferent arteriole

brings blood into your kidney's glomerulus

glomerular filtration

blood pressure(HP) forces water and solutes across membrane of glomerular capillaries and “dumping” it into capsular space, indiscriminate

tubular reabsorption

removal of water and solutes from capsule space and back into peritubular capillary blood stream

tubular secretion

uses ATP and transport proteins to get rid of large waste not dealt with in initial filtration

efferent arteriole

smaller arteriole form a convergence of the capillaries of the glomerulus, and carry blood away from the glomerulus that has already been filtered

renal corpuscle

blood-filtering component of the nephron of the kidney, consists of the glomerulus

proximal tubule

responsible for reabsorbing approximately 65% of filtered load and most, if not all, of filtered amino acids, glucose, solutes, and low molecular weight proteins

distal tubule

short nephron segment, it plays a key role in regulating extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte homeostasis

collecting duct

collects urine from the nephrons and moves it into the renal pelvis and ureters.

renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule, collecting duct

five parts of the nephron in order

peritubular capillaries

blood capillaries that filter waste from your blood and reabsorb nutrients your body needs to work properly

peritubular fluid

where solutes are reabsorbed during reabsorption and leave during secretion

tubular fluid

When the filtrate then enters the proximal convoluted tubule, it is now called

filtrate

When blood flows through the glomerulus, both water and solutes are filtered from the blood plasma, moving across the wall of the glomerular capillaries and into the capsular space to form

bulk flow

primary force of glomerular filtration

concentration gradients, facilitated diffusion

primary forces of tubular reabsorption

active transport

primary forces of tubular secretion

peritubular capillary

part of renal system carries fluid “inside” the body

loop of henley

part of renal system carries fluid “outside” body

glomerulus capillary

has increased resistance to flow due to difference in shape of afferent and efferent arteriole so hydrostatic pressure doesn’t decrease with distance like typical capillary exchange

efferent arteriole

sudden drop in hydrostatic pressure before reaching peritubular capillaries

peritubular capillaries

hydrostatic pressure decreases across length like normal capillary exchange before reaching venule

venule

small vein collects blood from the capillaries

reabsorption

lower hydrostatic pressure compared to osmotic pressure causes this to occur in peritubular capillaries

filtration

higher hydrostatic pressure compared to osmotic pressure causes this to occur in glomerulus

net filtration pressure

total pressure that promotes filtration

sympathetic

autonomic NS has control over size of filtration “holes”

secondary active transport

the transport of a solute in the direction “piggy backing” off of concentration gradient created by active transport, facilitated diffusion of a second solute

lumen

inside space of a tubular structure

tubule lumen, tubule cell, interstitial fluid, peritubular capillary

order of spaces from loci of filtrate to loci of plasma, pathways related to reabsorption of solutes

Tmax

carrier mediated transport of glucose limit

carrier proteins

some reabsorption and all secretion rely on

passive transport, aquaporin channels

water reabsorbed into the body via .. through ..

secondary active trasport, transport proteins

macromolecules such as glucose, amino acids, and vitamins along with Na+ are reabsorbed from filtrate into tubule cell via …. through ….

primary active transport, transport proteins

sodium moved into interstitial fluid and potassium out via .. through…

all substances move from interstitial fluid back into peritubular capillaries

collecting duct cells

characterized by pale cytoplasm and sparse organelles, include principal cells and intercalated cells

proximal tubule cells

characterized by presence of lots of mitochondria, microvilli and highly folded basolateral membrane which all contribute to more efficient reabsorption

skeletal

muscle type that makes up external urethral sphincter that allows us to control when we urinate

ejaculatory duct

delivers sperm through the prostate and merge with the urethra, adding secretions and additives from the prostate necessary for sperm function

scrotum

pouch of skin that helps control the temperature of the testis

testis

organ produces spermatozoa

ejaculatory duct, vas deferens, epididymis

male reproductive ducts

penis, scrotum

male external genitalia

epididymis

duct behind the testis, along which sperm passes to the vas deferens, where sperm mature

vas deferens

made of lots of smooth muscle that forms a favorable pressure gradient and contracts to push sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct out as semen

cremaster muscle

regulate the temperature of the testis by contacting, bringing scrotum up closer to body

dartos muscle

smooth layer muscle that helps regulate temperature of the testicles by expanding or contracting to wrinkle scrotal sin

smooth

dartos muscle shape to increase heat loss and decrease temp

wrinkled

dartos muscle shape to decrease heat loss and increase temp

seminal gland, prostate gland, urethral gland

male reproductive accessory glands

lower

the testis have a (higher/lower) temp compared to abdomen

spermatic cords

include: nerves, arteries, venous plexus, vas deferens

cools

testicular artery blood … as it descends

warms

venous plexus blood … as it ascends

testicular artery, venous plexus

paired together, allowing heat transfer between the two of them going to and from testis

prostate

doughnut shaped gland that releases fluid that helps in activating sperm, encircles upper part of the urethra

prostate hypertrophy

an increase in the size of the prostate as men age that can “constrict” urethra and make it difficult to urinate

semen

liquid part is made of secretions that help protect sperm from acidic urine

sertoli cells

specialized “nurse” cells that surround the seminiferous tubules and protect spermatogonia

spermatogonia

sperm stem cells, formed in the wall of a seminiferous tubule

seminiferous tubules

located within the testis, lined with sertoli cells, where spermatogenesis occurs

acrosomes

membranous organelle located at the head of a mature sperm, secrete hydrolytic enzymes to help sperm penetrate eggs coat

interstitial cells

cells present in the testis responsible for the production of testosterone, aka leydig cells

spermatid

immature sperm

flagella

sperm are the only cell in the human body that have this, need lots of mitochondria to produce atp to function

seminal plasmin

antibiotic proteins produced by prostate

increase blood flow

change needed to create an erection

corpus cavernosum

composes most of the penis, contains blood vessels, sudden increase of blood flow creates a shape change that compresses penile veins creating an erection

impotent

inability to maintain an erection