respiratory day, two ventilation

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering respiratory concepts, oxygen delivery devices, mechanical ventilation modes, artificial airways, and airway clearance techniques based on the lecture notes.

Adrenergic

Refers to the stimulation of the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS).

Beta-2 Receptors

Receptors in the respiratory system that produce bronchodilation when stimulated.

Tactile Fremitus

A physical assessment technique performed by placing hands on the patient's back while the patient repeats "999" to assess sound vibrations through the chest wall.

PaO2

A measurement of free-flowing oxygen dissolved in arterial blood that indicates how well the lungs are working, with a normal value of $80\text{--}100\,mmHg$.

SvO2

Mixed venous oxygen saturation with a normal value around $60\%$, representing oxygen bound to hemoglobin returning from the tissues.

Tidal Volume

The volume of air inhaled and exhaled with a normal breath, which is equal in men and women (e.g., $500\,mL$).

Cor Pulmonale

Right-sided heart failure resulting from primary respiratory or pulmonary disorders.

Surfactant

A lubricating substance in the lungs that reduces surface tension and is activated by taking deep breaths.

Nasal Cannula

A low-flow oxygen delivery device set at $1\text{--}6\,L/min$ that requires humidification if delivering an FiO2 above $32\%$.

Simple Face Mask

A low-flow oxygen delivery mask typically set at $6\text{--}10\,L/min$.

Venturi Mask

A high-flow oxygen delivery device specific to COPD patients that uses color-coded adaptors to deliver a precise FiO2.

Non-Rebreather Mask

A high-flow oxygen delivery mask where both exhalation flaps must remain closed on expiration to deliver high concentrations of FiO2.

End-Tidal CO2 (EtCO2)

The measurement of exhaled carbon dioxide at the end of exhalation, with a normal range of $35\text{--}45\,mmHg$.

EtCO2 in Hyperventilation

A state resulting in decreased exhaled carbon dioxide levels where $\text{EtCO2} < 35\,mmHg$.

EtCO2 in Hypoventilation

A state resulting in increased exhaled carbon dioxide retention where $\text{EtCO2} > 45\,mmHg$.

Yankauer Suction

An oral pharyngeal suction tool used for non-sterile suctioning of the mouth and upper airway.

Tracheal Suctioning

A deep airway suctioning procedure requiring strict sterile technique, limited to intermittent application for $10\text{--}15\text{ seconds}$.

Colorimetric Capnography

A detection device used to confirm endotracheal tube placement by changing color from purple to gold upon contact with exhaled CO2.

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)

A noninvasive mode delivering continuous distending pressure to keep airways open and blow off CO2, commonly used for Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA).

BiPAP (Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure)

A noninvasive mode providing two distinct pressure levels: Inspiratory Positive Airway Pressure (IPAP) and Expiratory Positive Airway Pressure (EPAP).

Inspiratory Positive Airway Pressure (IPAP)

The higher pressure setting in BiPAP (typically $10\text{--}20\,cmH_2O$) designed to improve ventilation and CO2 clearance.

Expiratory Positive Airway Pressure / PEEP

The baseline pressure setting in BiPAP (typically $5\text{--}10\,cmH_2O$) that keeps alveoli open to improve oxygenation.

Assist-Control Ventilation (ACV)

A mandatory ventilator mode that delivers a full preset volume ($V_T$) with every breath, whether machine-triggered or patient-triggered, which carries a risk of hyperventilation.

Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (SIMV)

A ventilator mode that synchronizes mandatory breaths with spontaneous breaths, allowing patients to breathe on their own between set breaths to exercise respiratory muscles during weaning.

Prone Positioning

Positioning a patient face-down to improve ventilation to dorsal lung units, enhance perfusion, optimize oxygenation, and mobilize secretions.

Inhaled Nitric Oxide

A selective pulmonary vasodilator that dilates pulmonary blood vessels to improve pulmonary oxygenation and perfusion in refractory hypoxemia.

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) Prevention

A set of preventative nursing care practices including elevating the head of the bed to 30^\nat\text{--}45^\nat, routine oral care, and subglottic suctioning.

ABCDEF Bundle

An evidence-based framework for mechanically ventilated patients focusing on Pain management, Awakening/Breathing trials, Choice of sedation, Delirium prevention, Early mobility, and Family engagement.